DRRR3

• Fire


  The rapid oxidation of a flammable material accompanied by the production of light and heat
• Natural fires of low intensity may benefit the environment and restore ecological balance through the removal of pests and plants that compete with other species for nutrients
• Fire Triangle


  • Fire is composed of three elements: Heat, Fuel, Oxygen

  
• Fire starts


  1. Fuel is heated from an external source and reaches its ignition temperature

  2. Oxygen reacts with the fuel to sustain the fire

  3. Fire will continue to burn until an element of the fire triangle is removed
• Fuel


  Any material that can be burned such as solid, liquid, or gas
• Combustion


  Takes place when fuel is converted into gaseous state as moisture is removed
• Heat


  An energy that flows through object. Enough amount of heat would free the vapor from solid and liquid forms of fuel. The lowest temperature needed to form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid is called the flash point
• Oxygen


  Element, estimated 21% of it can be found in the air. During the combustion process chemical reaction takes place. Oxygen is released and serves as an oxidizing agent for combustible materials
• Theory of fire extinguishment


  1. Removing the heat

  2. Removing the fuel

  3. Removing the oxygen
• Four stages of fire


  • Incipient stage
  • Growth stage
  • Fully-developed stage
  • Decay stage
• Natural causes of fire


  • Lightning
  • Volcanic activities
  • Spontaneous combustion
• Human-made causes of fire


  • Wildfire/forest fires
  • House fire
• Other causes of fire


  • Faulty electrical wiring or connection
  • Neglected electrical appliances or devices
  • LPG-related
  • Unchecked electrical types of machinery
  • Neglected cooking or stove
  • Flammable chemicals
  • Lighted cigarette butts
  • Incendiary device or ignited flammable liquid
  • Left unattended open flame: torch or sulo
  • Spontaneous combustion
  • Left unattended open flame: candle or gasera
  • Under planned pyrotechnics
  • Matchstick or lighter kept near flammable materials
  • Bomb explosion
  • Direct flame contact or static electricity
  • Lightning
• Precautionary measures

  • Never leave a fire unattended
  • Always check the electrical equipment
  • Keep a good distance between things that can catch fire
  • Educate children and adults about fire safety
  • Store flammable materials properly
  • Keep a fire extinguisher of a bucket of sand handy
  • Install fire alarms and smoke detectors
  • Develop a fire preparedness plan

  
• Things to prevent cooking fire

  • Do not leave your cooking unattended
  • Keep handles of pots and pans turned in
  • Don't put anything that catches fire near your stove or burner
• Things to do not control cooking fire

  • Cover the fire by placing a lid over the pan
  • Turn off the burner or stove
  • In case of oven fire, turn off the heat and keep the door closed
  • In case of microwave fire, unplug the power source and keep the door closed
• Tips to prevent fires from smoking material

  • Do not smoke in bed or anywhere that you might fall asleep
  • If you smoke, do it outside
  • Do not discard cigarettes in potted plants, landscaping vegetation or bark dust they can easily catch fire
  • Use a deep, sturdy ashtray or a non-combustible container that cannot be tipped over
  • Before throwing away butts or ashes, douse in water or sand
  • Never smoke in a home where oxygen is used
• Safety tips on how to prevent candle fire

  • Use candle holders that are stable to prevent the candle from falling into the floor or near something that is flammable or easily burn
  • Keep candles at least 12 inches away from anything that can burn
  • Blow out candles when you leave the room or go to bed; avoid the use of candles in rooms where people may fall asleep
  • Never burn a candle if medical oxygen or any flammable substance is nearby
• Spontaneous combustion


  Happens when a material can produce or accumulate its own heat and can cause increase in temperature without drawing heat from its surroundings. If the material reaches its ignition temperature, it will start to burn without any source of fire
• Types of fire extinguishers

  • Water and foam
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Dry chemical
  • Wet chemical
  • Clean agent
  • Dry powder
  • Water mist

  
• Fire safety signs


  • Green and white safety sign
  • Blue safety sign
  • Red fire safety sign
• Basic response procedures during a fire incident

  • Get out of the building
  • Don't assume that anyone else has already called the fire department
  • Calling your friends and family may not be immediate help
  • Stay calm when you call the fire department
• In your workplace or school when you notice a fire

  • Sound the fire alarm. SHOUT "FIRE! FIRE! FIRE!"
  • Evacuate as per normal fire procedure
  • Leave the building immediately. Use the nearest fire exit
  • Do not use elevators. Always use emergency stairs
  • Walk quickly but don't run. ALWAYS STAY CALM
  • Do not delay your exit trying to collect your belongings
• Blue fire safety signs


  Circular in shape, feature a white graphic or white text
• Red fire safety sign

  Indicate prohibition or you must not go on that location because it might pose danger or harm
• Red fire safety sign


  • Circular with a red border, white background and black image
• RESPONSE PROCEDURE DURING A FIRE INCIDENT


  1. Get out of the building

  2. Don't assume that anyone else has already called the fire department

  3. Calling your friends and family may not be immediate help

  4. Stay calm when you call the fire department
• IN YOUR WORKPLACE OR SCHOOL WHEN YOU NOTICE A FIRE


  1. Sound the fire alarm. SHOUT "FIRE! FIRE! FIRE!"

  2. Evacuate as per normal fire procedure

  3. Leave the building immediately. Use the nearest fire exit

  4. Do not use elevators. Always use emergency stairs

  5. Walk quickly but don't run. ALWAYS STAY CALM

  6. Do not delay your exit trying to collect your belongings

  7. Assemble at the fire evacuation area and report to fire officers

  8. Do not go home. Rescuers need to ensure that all occupants are safely out of the building & are accounted for

  9. Do not return inside the building until told to do so
• IF YOU ARE STUCK IN A ROOM & THERE IS A FIRE OUTSIDE THE DOOR


  1. Feel the door with the back of your hand

  2. If the door feels warm to the touch, DO NOT attempt to open it. Stay in the room

  3. Stuff the cracks around the door with wet towels, rugs, bedding, and cover vents to keep smoke out

  4. Call BFP and tell them exactly where you are located

  5. Wait at a window and signal for help with a flashlight or by waving a bright cloth

  6. If possible, open the window at the top and bottom, but do not break it, you may need to close the window if smoke rushes in
• IF YOUR CLOTHES CATCH ON FIRE USEE STOP, DROP & ROLL TECHNIQUE


  1. DO NOT RUN. It will spread the fire across your body

  2. Stop where you are, drop to the ground & roll back and forth

  3. Spread across flat on the ground. DO NOT curl up

  4. Roll from your back to your front repeatedly till the fire is squashed

  5. After the flames are extinguished, get up & remove the clothing

  6. Burnt clothing can burn you. This is no time to be shy. If you have to remove all clothes, just get naked
• THE R.A.C.E. ACRONYM AND FIRE EXTINGUISHER USE


  1. R = RESCUE anyone in immediate danger from the fire if it will not endanger your life

  2. A = ALARM- sound the alarm by calling the emergency hotline in your area and activating a pull station alarm box

  3. C = CONFINE the fire by closing all doors and windows

  4. E = EXTINGUISH the fire with a fire extinguisher or EVACUATE the area if the fire is too large for a fire extinguisher
• PROPER USE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS (P.A.S.S.)


  1. P = PULL the pin on the fire extinguisher

  2. A = AIM the extinguisher nozzle at the base of the fire

  3. S = SQUEEZE or press the handle

  4. S = SWEEP from side to side until the fire appears to be out

  
• COMMON FIRE RELATED HAZARDS


  • Electricity neglect or misuse of wiring can lead to short circuits
  • Rubbish and waste material accumulated waste fire is likely to spread through
  • Smoking carelessly discarded cigarette butts or lit matches are one of the major causes of fire
  • Cooking -kitchens provide opportunities for fire to start and materials on which it can feed
  • Heating appliances portable heaters are a threat when placed beside combustible furniture or fittings
  • Combustible materials including flammable liquids, glues and solvents are all liable to combust unless stored and used properly
  • Arson or wilful fire-raising
• FIRE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS


  • Keeping your workplace tidy and having a good standard of housekeeping
  • Regularly removing combustible waste, including accumulations of dust
  • Keeping ignition sources away from combustible material or flammable liquids and gases
  • Keeping use of flammable liquids to a minimum and closing containers when not in use
• SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY EDUCATION


  1. Conduct expected and unexpected monthly school fire drills in which everyone participates

  2. Inspect exits regularly to ensure stairways, doors and windows are unblocked and working properly

  3. Train students on how to respond to a fire alarm during a school fire drill

  4. Know locations of the fire protection system, fire alarm pull stations and sprinklers

  5. Make sure every room has a map showing 2 exits

  6. Pair students with specific needs to an adult or classmate for extra assistance

  7. Have a predetermined location where students know to meet once they exit the building and practice during a school fire drill

  8. Have a list to ensure every student is accounted for

  9. Encourage parents to practice home fire drills, and prepare them in the event of a residential fire
• ON-CAMPUS FIRE SAFETY


  • Cook only in designated areas
  • Keep cooking areas clean and free of clutter
  • Never leave cooking unattended
  • In case of a fire inside a microwave, close the door and unplug
• CAMPUS LABORATORY FIRE SAFETY


  • Never leave laboratory experiments or pressure containers unattended
  • Keep flammable gases and chemicals away from heat
• MAINTAINING YOUR COMPUTER ROOM TO PREVENT FIRE


  • Keep your computer room free of storage
  • Inspect power cords
  • Maintain and clean computer systems
  • Train employees and display fire emergency plans
  • Schedule regular inspection of your fire protection systems
• Fire drill


  A process of practicing how an establishment/building would be evacuated in the event of a fire or other emergencies
• Purpose of fire drills in buildings

  To ensure that everyone knows how to exit at the fastest and safest way