DRRR6

• Hydrometereological hazards


  Hazards caused by extreme meteorological and climate events which can lead to loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage
• The government agency which is tasked to monitor and give forecasts and warnings about atmospheric conditions is PAGASA, or Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
• Thermometer


  • Measures the extent of a given substance's hotness or coldness
  • Mercury is one of the liquids which is overly sensitive to temperature changes. The mercury expands and rises in the capillary tube when the substance to be measured is warm
  • Instead, mercury contracts. That is, principle of thermal expansion

  
• Thermograph


  This tool records air temperature continuously on graphing paper during a period in a given area. It uses digital infrared imaging to record slight changes in temperature

  
• Mercurial barometer


  • The atmospheric pressure balances the mercury column, the height of which can be measured precisely
  • Corrections and adjustments are made for temperature expansion of the instrument, gravity and latitude in order to obtain accurate measurements
  • Millibars, millimeters, or inches of mercury are the units of measurements of pressure readings
• Aneroid barometer


  • A sealed box (blue, sometimes called an aneroid cell) is built around an aneroid barometer, which expands or contracts with increasing pressure
  • As it moves, it pulls or pushes a spring and a system of levers, moving a pointer up or down the dial yellow
• Sling psychrometer


  • A dry and wet-bulb thermometer is made of the sling psychrometer
  • Dew point is the temperature at which the water vapor condenses while the relative humidity is the ratio of the amount of water vapor actually present in the air to the maximum amount of water vapor that the air at a given temperature can hold
• Hygrometer


  • This system uses an organic material (normally human hair) that expands and contracts as a result of the humidity around
  • This change can be made to move an indicator needle that moves across a scale, with graduations ranging from 0 to 100%
• 8-inch rain gauge

  • An 8-inch rain gauge, so-called because the collector's inner diameter is exactly 8 inches above a funnel which leads rain into a cylindrical measuring tube or receiver
  • The collector's volume is 10 times that of the measuring tube
  • As a result, the actual precipitation depth is increased ten times when collected in a smaller measuring tube
• Tipping bucket rain gauge


  • By capturing a small volume of water in one of two small buckets, the tipping bucket gauges act
  • Once the rain is caught, the tips of the bucket are empty. This tip is recorded and precipitation volumes and rates are transmitted as the number of tips and the rate at which they occurred
• Ceiling light projector


  • A projector with ceiling light project a small beam of light vertically onto a cloud foundation
  • The cloud base height is determined by using a clinometer positioned at a known distance from the projector to calculate the elevation angle contained on the cloud by the illuminated spot, the measurement, and the projector
• Ceiling balloon


  • A meteorological balloon whose rate of rise has been predetermined. It is lighter filled with gas than air, usually hydrogen, and released
  • The release time is recorded, and the time the balloon disappears into the cloud
  • The time difference multiplied by the rate of ascent will give the height of the cloud base, that is speed=d/t, hence distance or height=t x s) where s=speed, d= distance and t is time
• Pilot balloon or theodolite


  • A Pilot Balloon is a weather balloon lighter than air filled with gas
  • When used in conjunction with a theodolite the pilot balloon is used to determine wind speed and direction at different atmospheric levels
  • Theodolite is similar to a transit made by an engineer. It consists of a sighting telescope mounted in such a way that it is free to rotate around a horizontal and vertical axis and has graduated scales so that the rotation angles may be measured while tracking the pilot balloon
• Radiosonde


  • An airborne instrument used in the upper air for measuring sound, temperature, and relative humidity
  • A meteorological balloon inflated with hydrogen takes the instrument up aloft
• Rawinsonde


  An electronic tool used aloft to determine wind speed, strain, temperature, and humidity. It is also attached to a balloon and, as it rises through the atmosphere, it measures the required
• Wind finding radar


  • Through radar echoes it determines the speed and direction of winds aloft
  • A radar target is attached to a balloon and it is this target that the ground radar tracks
  • A receiver measures the bearing and the interval time of the echoes
• Wind surveillance radar


  • The long range type that detects and tracks typhoons and cloud masses 400 kilometers or less away
  • This radar has a rotating antenna disk preferably mounted from any physical obstruction on top of a building. The radar is a useful instrument for monitoring and tracking tropical cyclones