keywords Topic 1

• active transport

  movement of particles from a low concentration to high concentration against the concentration gradient
• diffusion


  movement of particles from a high to low concentration down a concentration gradient
• osmosis


  net movement of water molecules from a dilute solution to concentrated solution across a partially permeable membrane
• eukaryotic cells - have a nucleus in the cell


  prokaryotic cells - don't have a nucleus in the cell
• plasmid DNA - small loop of DNA in bacterial cells


  chromosomal DNA - large segments of DNA in bacterial cells
• flagellum


  tail like structure which helps the movement of cells in prokaryotic cells
• Animal cells:

  nucleus - where DNA is stored. controls the activities in the cell

  cell membrane - controls what enters and exits the cell

  cytoplasm - jelly like and where activities take place

  mitochondria - where respiration takes place

  ribosomes - protein synthesis takes place
• plant cells (extra structures):


  chloroplasts - where photosynthesis happens

  cell wall - helps protect and strengthen the cell

  permanent vacuole - keeps cell turgid and contains cell sap
• chromosomes:


  structures of tightly wrapped DNA found in the nuclei
• chlorophyll -

  • a green pigment found in chloroplasts
  • traps energy transferred from light
• stain - dye put on cells/ some organelles to help see under a microscope 


  iodine solution - solution added to cells to allow them to be visible under the microscopes
• resolution - smallest distance between 2 points that can be identified as 2 points rather than one blurred one 


  magnification - how much bigger something appears compared to the actual size
• objective lens - can be changed. closest lens to the specimen

  eyepiece lens - the lens you look through
• binary fission -


  process where asexual reproduction happens
• stem cells - undifferentiated cells that can be specialised to carry out certain functions 


  embryonic stem cells - stem cells found in the early embryo that can be specialised and differentiated to turn into any tissue

  adult stem cells - found in the bone marrow. can only turn into certain cells

  meristem - small part of undifferentiated cells in the plant cell where cells rapidly divide by mitosis
• cancer - disease from the uncontrollable division of cells by mitosis 


  tumour - lump formed by cancer cells
• mitosis - process of dividing cells to produce 2 identical daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parents 


  asexual reproduction - organism reproduced from only one parent
• cell cycle - process consisting of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis 


  haploid - only one set of chromosomes

  diploid - two sets of chromosomes
• small intestine - where soluble food molecules are absorbed into the blood


  villi - fold on the inside of the small intestine ]
• alveoli - air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place 


  capillary - very thin blood vessels used for exchange of substances
• surface area 


  area of contact an object has with the enviroment
• therapeutic cloning 


  producing embryo that has the same genes as the patient