Sports Med CQ 1

• Direct injuries


  Caused by an external force applied to the body
• Direct injuries


  • Fractures
  • Dislocations
  • Sprains
  • Bruises
• Indirect injuries


  Caused by an intrinsic force; a force within the body
• Indirect injuries


  • Pulling a muscle due to irregular movement
• Indirect injuries can be caused by


  • Inadequate warm up
  • Irregular exercise movement
  • Wrong execution of a skill
• Soft tissue


  Everything in the body except bones and teeth
• Acute soft tissue injury


  Occurs suddenly, such as pulling a muscle, sprains, strains
• Chronic soft tissue injury


  Injury builds up over a period of time
• Hard tissue


  Includes bones and teeth
• Hard tissue injuries


  • Fractures
  • Dislocations
  • Dislodging a tooth
• Overuse injury


  Overusing a specific body region over a long period of time, putting stress on parts of the body which causes injury, causing pain and inflammation
• Soft tissue injuries


  • Tears
  • Sprains
  • Contusions
  • Skin abrasions
  • Lacerations
  • Blisters
  • Inflammatory response
• Tears


  Occur when the tissue is stretched more than it normally does/can
• Sprains


  Stretching/tearing of a ligament
• Strains


  A muscle/tendon gets torn/stretched
• Sprains can be classified into three degrees


  • First degree - little damage
  • Second degree - moderate damage
  • Third degree - extensive damage
• Contusions


  Bruises, caused by the crushing of soft tissue, interrupting the blood flow to the surrounding tissues
• Haematoma


  Bleeding outside the vessels due to injury
• Skin abrasions


  Caused by friction, can get infected - needs to be cleansed and sterilised to prevent
• Lacerations


  The flesh has incurred an irregular tear, longer than one centimetre needs to be referred to a doctor
• Blisters


  Collection of fluid below/within the surface layer of the skin giving rise to intense pain, can cause clear liquid/blood if a blood vessel has been ruptured
• Blisters can occur when


  • New equipment is being worn/used
  • Equipment is used for a long time
  • Activity requires sudden change of direction, causing friction in a sports shoe
• Inflammatory response


  The body is trying to heal itself as quickly as it can, may last three to four days, three phases: inflammatory stage, repair and regenerate stage, remodelling stage
• Inflammatory stage


  1. Pain, redness, swelling

  2. Loss of function and mobility

  3. Damage to cells and surrounding tissue

  4. Increased blood flow to the area

  5. Leakage of fluid causing swelling (oedema)

  6. Formation of many blood vessels to promote healing
• Repair and regenerate stage


  1. Elimination of debris

  2. Formation of new fibres (found in muscles), not strong not flexible

  3. Production of scar tissue (other tissue to replace torn tissue) very strong, not flexible

  4. Need to start stretching scar tissue, new fibres need resistance going through it
• Remodelling stage


  1. Increased production of scar tissue

  2. Replacement tissue that needs to strengthen and develop in the direction that the force is applied (the direction the muscle lengthens or shortens)

  3. Rehabilitation, trying to get the body back to the pre-injury stage
• Excessive exercise too early

  Causes further damage
• Too little exercise


  Allows large quantities of scar tissue to form, which lacks strength and flexibility
• Immediate treatment aims to


  Reduce swelling, prevent further damage and ease pain
• Long term treatment aims to


  • Restore flexibility
  • Regain full function
  • Prevent recurrence
  • Return the player to the field as soon as possible
• RICER


  • Rest
  • Ice
  • Compression
  • Elevation
  • Referral to a doctor
• Fractures


  Breaks in a bone, two types: simple (closed) and compound (open)
• Management of fractures requires


  • Use of DRSABCD due to bleeding or shock
  • Bandage to immobilise the area
  • Immediate medical assistance
  • Treating shock
  • Controlling bleeding
  • Use of a splint
• Dislocations


  The displacement of a bone at a joint, the real damage is to ligaments that have been stretched or ruptured
• Signs and symptoms of dislocations


  • Securing with a splint to fully immobilise the injury
  • Ice, elevation and support using a bandage
  • Immediate medical attention
• Never attempt to relocate the displaced bone as this may increase the damage, seek medical attention
• TOTAPS


  Talk, Observe, Touch, Active and Passive movement, Skill test
• DRSABCD


  For life-threatening injuries/situations
• TOTAPS


  1. Talk - find out exactly what happened

  2. Observe - look at the injury for any signs of deformity/swelling

  3. Touch - gently feel the injury for any sign of deformity/swelling, try to pinpoint the area of pain

  4. Active movement - ask the player to perform a range of joint movements

  5. Passive movement - physically mobilise the joint using a range of movements

  6. Skill test - ask them to perform a skill required in the game
• If there is a risk of further damage through continued play, the player should be removed from the game