Component 2

• Commercialisation?

  refers to the influence of commerce, trade or business on an industry (e.g. sport) to make a profit which can lead to exploitation.
• Media: Different forms of communication that can inform, educate and entertain

  people including social, internet, TV and newspapers.
• Influence of the Media – the golden triangle

  • This shows the interdependence/relationship and influences of the 3 factors of sporting events, sponsorship and the media (how they help and rely upon each other).

  
• Type of media: 

  newspapers, magazines, Radio,  Internet (social media), documentaries, movies, TV 
• Positive influences of media: 

  1. Helps promote products as well as the sport

  2. Provides more money to sports and participants via advertising and sponsorship 

  3. Makes the sport more interesting and attracting more people to participate and support

  4. Influences times of play/rules making it accessible and in turn sells goods 
• Negative influence of media: 

  1. Over sensationalised negative parts of sports (eg: behaviour)

  2. Can take over too much control over sports

  3. Too little sport benefit (men, just football)

  4. Underrepresentation of minority groups eg: diable, women, ethnic 
• Sponsorship: The giving of money or goods to performers in order to get good publicity and/or increase profit.
• Examples of sponsorship

  1. Stadiums and grounds – companies put money towards new developments
  2. Clothing – shirt sponsor
  3.  Equipment – Sponsors provide equipment e.g. tennis rackets, golf clubs
  4.  Accommodation and transport – offer free transport/accommodations so that name can be advertised
  5. Competitions – highlight logo and name
• Sponsorship - the triangle 

  • sponsors rely on the media to show images of these things to gain the financial benefits
• What do sponsors gain?

  • Free advertising – players using products
  • Attractive image – associated with winners
  • Benefit from tax concessions – sponsorship money is not usually taxed therefore companies gain more
  • Company associates are given free tickets to events with food and drinks included to impress possible clients and employees
• Positive influence s of sponsorship 

  • Provides money for athletes to train and compete full time
  • Promotes development of new athletes – sponsors can offer scholarships
  • Pays for competitions
• Negative influence s of sponsorship

  •  Women’s sport has the potential to attract more sponsors but to date most of that potential is unfulfilled.
  • Companies don’t sponsor teams/athletes who are unsuccessful therefore some may not get help
  • Deals are fragile. Should a player get injured or lose form deals may be cancelled
  • narrow range of sports attract sponsors – sports miss out on funding e.g. middle ranked sports such as Hockey
  • Advertising some products not advisable e.g. cigarettes in Formula One has been banned
• Skillful movement: (FCAPE)

  Fluent, coordinated, aesthetic, predetermined, efficient 
• Fluent: A skilled athlete is able to flow confidently from one skilled movement to another

  • e.g. picking up a Rugby ball and throwing in one movement
• Co-ordinated

  Skilled movements are coordinated, they use two or more parts of the body together to get the maximum effect 

  • e.g. jump and smash in Badminton
• Aesthetic 

  Techniques look controlled, good and easy 

  • e.g. Gymnastic routine

  Predetermined 

  Have a predetermined result in mind, you know what you want to do before you start 

  • Eg: dance routine 
• Efficiency

  Use the minimum amount of energy/time 

  • e.g. when hitting a ball in Cricket
• Environmental 

  closed skill is not affected by the environment; performer provides/controls more or majority of the pace (internally paced)

  open is the timing and form are affected by factors outside the control of the performer. Have to adapt to other things (externally paced)
• Difficulty continuum

  Complex: lot of information needs to be processed by the performer, lot of decisions to make

   may need to be learned in stages, many subroutines, Requires a lot of feedback during its performance
• Simple: A straightforward skill that has a low amount of decision making and judgements to be made,  Can be taught as a whole in a repetitive way,  Low amount of subroutines
• Smart Target: 

  1. Specific:  State exactly what you want to achieve. If goals are clear and unambiguous they are more likely to be attained
  2. Measurable: This is important for monitoring and makes you accountable e.g. a set time/ distance/ number of points 
  3. Achievable: Motivation will be improved if goals can actually be reached and are within your capabilities(not too hard)
  4. Recorded: Crucial for monitoring and once achieved can be deleted or checked off, thus improving motivation 
  5. Timed: state when you want to achieve the goal by.
• Goals that are SMART can lead to an improved level of performance

  • Goals should be incrementally difficult e.g. I want to lift 10kg, 15 kg, 20 kg

  and should challenge a performer

  • However they if they are unrealistic and lead to decline then this can be hugely demotivating
• Beta Blockers; Control heart rate – keeps it low, Keep athlete calm

  • Side effects: tiredness, Depression, Reduce HR to a dangerous level, Insomnia/nightmares,  Nausea and diarrhoea

  Eg: Snooker Players, Archery, Shooting Events, Darts

  • Archer-Will help the performer to keep calm and prevent the hands from shaking which will improve the accuracy of shots taken
• Stimulants: Increase alertness, Increase speed of reactions,  Increase in adrenaline.  Quicker recovery time

  • Side effects: Cause high blood pressure Can be addictive Insomnia  Irregular heart beat, increased HR

  Eg: Sprinters, Speed Swimmers, Tennis Players, Footballers

  • Sprinters-As this drug increases their alertness, this will ensure they are quicker off the mark, improving their performance as it reduces their reaction time.
• Anabolic Steroids: Train harder and longer,  Increase muscle mass,  Increase strength Increase aggression

  • Side effects: aggression overlopad, heart attacks, risk of muscle injury, skin issues and bad mental health 

  Eg: Weight Lifters-Will help increase their strength and increase muscle growth if taken with

  vigorous training. This enables the athlete to recover more quickly and be able to train even

  harder.
• Consequences of drugs: 

  Unfair to those who perform and train fairly

  •  More rigorous testing for all
  • Brings all athletes under speculation if they do well
  •  Undermines the hard work that it takes to reach elite level
• Sportsmanship: This involves behaviour that shows fair play, respect for opponents and gracious behaviour, whether winning or losing.

  • Eg: Shaking hands with your opponent, showing concern for injured players, congratulating others, respectfual to opponents 
• Gamesmanship: The use of unethical, although often not illegal, methods to win or gain a serious advantage in a game or sport

  • Time wasting, intentionally fouling someone, distracting players, interfering with players before/during matches

  Etiquette Involves a convention or an accepted way of behaving in a particular situation

  (manners).

  • Eg: return the free weights to their allocated rack and to wipe any equipment with a towel after you have used it.
• Deviance: This involves human behaviour that is against your society's norms and values.

  Behaviour of this kind is often against the law

  Eg: Hooliganism in football, Violence in sports (fight between players in a rugby match), taking performance enhancing drugs,  Cheating in sports such as golf
• Reasons for deviance 

  • Pressure to gain unfair advantages from fans/coches/teammates 
  • To gain a financial reward if you win
  • Reaction to (poor) decisions by the officials
  • Retaliation to an opponent that fouled/injured you earlier in the game
  • As a result of taking drugs
• Violence: The intent to harm others outside the rules of the game or activity.

  Reasons: 

  • Frustration – and we therefore may lash out to get rid of this e.g.
  • frustration at referees call
  • Copying – if a role model is aggressive you may copy this
  • Pressure of the media

   Pressure from spectators/taunting from crowd/opponents

  • Instinctive response – protecting ourselves/territory e.g. offside in Rugby
• Healthy lifestyle: a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
• Maintain healthy lifestyle: 

  • Healthy lifestyle: a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
  • Regular exercise (30 mins 5 days a week for adults, up to 18 years old,
  • 1 hour a day moderate exercise)
  • Maintaining a healthy body weight
  •  Minimising stress
  •  Sensible alcohol consumption
  • Not smoking
• Unhealthy lifestyle:

  • Poor diet
  • Inactivity/lack of exercise
  • Overweight-leads to high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetics
  • Smoking: lung cancer, heart disease, chronic bronchitis
  • Excess alcohol consumption: leads to liver disease,
  • High Stress levels
• Physical fitness: this is a person’s capacity to carry out life’s activities without getting to tired. It is often used as a measure of the body's ability to function efficiently and effectively.
• Sedentary Lifestyle=Involving a lifestyle that is inactive and involves much sitting down e.g. sitting down in an office all day and then going home to watch tv.
• Wellbeing=This refers to a feeling or mental state of being contented, happy, prosperous and healthy.
• Benefits of exercise (social) 

  1. Friendship
  2. Belonging to a group
  3. Preventing
  4. loneliness-Exercise gives the opportunities to meet and be with other participants
• Benefits of exercise (emotional) 

  1. Improving self-esteem/confidence-Feeling better about yourself and feeling confident in the way you look and that you can achieve fitness goals
  2. Stress management-Stresses of everyday life can be forgotten/released through exercise
• Imagery is the creation of pictures in our minds used to gain either the feeling of movement, or an emotional feeling (i.e. happiness).

  • improves concentration, Helps with relaxation Allows the athlete to cope stress and anxiety.

  Eg: Before taking a penalty a footballer might picture the ball hitting the back of the net.