Cardiovascular (9)

• Clotting factors


  Proenzymes converted into enzymes when activated by another enzyme
• Enzyme complexes involved in coagulation

  • Tenase (activates factor X)
  • Prothrombin complex (cleaves prothrombin into thrombin)
• Inhibitors of coagulation


  • Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (binds to tissue factor)
  • Thrombomodulin (binds thrombin, activates protein C)
  • Antithrombin 3 (binds to heparin, inactivates thrombin and factor Xa)
• Thrombosis


  Blood clotting within intact vessels, can result from hypercoagulability or bacterial infection, can lead to embolism
• Types of thrombosis


  • Deep vein thrombosis
  • Coronary thrombosis (myocardial infarction)
• Treatments for thrombosis


  • Aspirin (inhibits thromboxane TxA2 formation)
  • Anti-platelet drugs
  • Anticoagulants (inhibit coagulation cascade)
  • Thrombolytic agents (clot busters)
• Von Willebrand's disease


  Abnormal bruising and mucosal bleeding
• Hemophilia


  Soft tissue bleeding and bleeding into joints
• Liver disease


  Deficiency of coagulation factors, treated with procoagulants
• Types of inflammation


  • Rubor (redness)
  • Calor (heat)
  • Tumor (swelling)
  • Dolor (pain)
• Kidneys


  Crucial for fluid balance, maintain ion and water balance, eliminate waste products, involved in gluconeogenesis, production of hormones and enzymes, renal excretion
• Heart and kidney diseases


  Tend to go together