Evolution

• PA revolves from and a response to the need of times and the _____

  society
• Non-western views on PA- PA as a practice could be traced back from ancient empires of ____, India, ____, Greece, Rome and ____

  China, Egypt, Mesopotamia (Caiden, 1982)
• Non western views on PA

  PA practices also include Confucianism and _____

  Islam
• Western PA

  What is the essay of Woodrow Wilson?

  The Study of Administration
• Woodrow Wilson suggested that administration should be self-conscious, professional, and _____

  politics free
• Western PA

  governance should have a proper distribution of ____

  Authority
• Traditional PA

  The organization as a system is focusing on efficiency, reasonableness of action and the exercise of control in achieving economic goals. The assumption is there is always "One best way" in organizing production through application of systematic and scientific principles


  Classical organization theory
• Primary concern of the classical organization theory ____


  overall structure and management of an organization and division of labor
• Who made the concept 'Xenophon'


  Socrates
• What does Xenophon mean?


  Man's capability to lead
• Who is behind the division of labor concept?

  Adam Smith
• What is the concept of division of labor?

  Significant increase in dexterity, decrease in production time, and innovations for machineries
• In which report does Daniel McCallum highlight the division of responsibility and system of reporting?

  Superintendent's Report
• Henry R. Towne conceptualize "The engineer as economist", to have a productive labor, aside from good executive ability, man should also have _____ ______ of the process of things that affects the economy of production and the cost of product

  practical knowledge
• General Principles of Management

  Henry Fayol
• He developed principles which are flexible and capable of adaption to every need

  Henry Fayol- General Principles of Management
• What are the four principles of Scientific Management?

  1. Science
  2. Men
  3. Science and Men
  4. Division of Labor
• Who developed the concept of bureaucracy?

  Max Weber
• Weber believes that bureaucracy is a ___ form of government. It established hierarchy and positions with delegated tasks to overall structure of the government


  distinctive
• According to Luther Gulick, the seven elements of the theory of Organization are:

  1. Planning
  2. Organizing
  3. Staffing
  4. Directing
  5. Coordinating
  6. Reporting
  7. Budgeting
• Major themes in non-classical organization theory


  Organizations did not and could not exist as a self-contained islands isolated from their environments
• What is the book of Chester Bernard?


  The function of executive
• Chester Bernard developed the idea of _______


  The economic incentive-individuals must be induced to cooperate
• Who is the author of Proverbs of Administration?

  Herbert A. Simon
• He developed the science of improving decision-making through quantitative measures (Proverbs of Administration)


  Herbert A. Simon
• He authored Foundations of the Theory of Organization

  Philip Selznick
• Robert Merton discussed _____ in his "Bureaucratic Structure and personality


  dysfunctions of bureaucracy
• Postulates the idea that corporations tended to satisfy rather than engage in economically rational profit-maximizing behavior


  Behavioral Theory of the Firm (Cyert & March)
• There were no adequate structure or body of theories that could replace the _________ (Shafritz & Hyde)

  classical organization theory
• This theory assumes that organizations exist to serve human needs, and organizations and people need each other


  Human Resource Theory/ Org Behavioral Theory-
• Emphasizes leadership, motivation, relationship


  Human Resource Theory/ Org Behavioral Theory
• Emerging nations trying to resurrect themselves after WW2

  Development Administration
• DA was described as engineering ____

  Social Change (Landau)
• Notable aspect of DA

  attempt to improve the administration (De Guzman, 1986)
• Rejected classical theories of PA and offered new principles

  New Public Administration
• _____ _____ has been added to the fundamental principles of PA which should be carried out and be always considered in inquiries on efficiency and effectiveness (Frederickson, 1971)

  Social Equity
• New PA advocated ______


  Administrators should NOT be neutral. They should be committed to BOTH good management and social equity