research 1

• entire aggregation of the case where a researcher is interested

  population
• process of selecting the sample or a portion of the population

  SAMPLING
• subset of the population elements


  SAMPLE
• how well the sample represents the population

  REPRESENTATIVENESS
• one whose key characteristics closely approximate those of the population

  REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
• results to overrepresentation or underrepresentation of some segment of the population

  SAMPLING ERROR
• true or false: smaller sample size = bigger chance of sampling errors

  TRUE
• there is a form of bias in the selection of sample


  NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• findings are limited to the sample


  NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Four types of NPS

  CONVENIENCE SAMPLING, SNOWBALL SAMPLING, PURPOSIVE SAMPLING, QUOTA SAMPLING
• sometimes called Accidental Sampling

  CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
• selection of samples based on the convenience of the researcher

  CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
• “Referral System”


  SNOWBALL SAMPLING
• initial sample members are asked to refer other people who meet the criteria required by the researcher

  SNOWBALL SAMPLING
• useful for participants who are hard to find


  SNOWBALL SAMPLING
• Other term for purposive sampling

  JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING
• the selection of the sample is based on the selective judgment of the researcher

  PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
• researcher identifies population sections or strata and decides how many participants are required from each section

  QUOTA SAMPLING
• there is random selection of sample

  PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• 4 Types of PS

  SIMPLE RANDOM, SYSTEMATIC RANDOM, STRATIFIED RANDOM, CLUSTER SAMPLING
• each member of the population has the same equal chance of being selected as a sample, FISH BOWL

  NUMBER GENERATED


  SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
• uses the kth interval formula


  SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
• KTH INTERVAL FORMULA


  k = N/n
• N


  Population
• n


  desired sample
• k


  sampling interval
• population is divided into subgroups or strata

  STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
• Multi-stage Sampling, useful when the population is large and widely dispersed, several stages

  CLUSTER SAMPLING
• focus on a single element or a single entity


  CASE STUDIES
• focuses on lived experiences

  PHENOMENOLOGY
• focuses on past events, main challenge: determination of the authenticity of the historical evidences

  HISTORICAL RESEARCH
• developed in 1967 by Glaser and Strauss

  GROUNDED THEORY
• aims to describe and interpret behaviour of a certain culture


  ETHNOGRAPHY
• 2 PERSPECTIVES IN ETHNOGRAPHY


  EMIC & ETIC
• the way the members of the culture envision their own world; it is the insiders’ view

  EMIC PERSPECTIVE
• is the outsiders’ interpretation of the experiences of that culture

  ETIC PERSPECTIVE
• THREE ASPECTS OF INFORMATION IN ETHNOGRAPHY


  CULTURAL BEHAVIOR, CULTURAL SPEECH, CULTURAL ARTIFACTS
• how members of the culture act and behave

  CULTURAL BEHAVIOR
• what members of the culture say

  CULTURAL SPEECH
• what members of the culture make and use

  CULTURAL ARTIFACTS