skeletal and muscular systems

• types of bone


  flat, long, irregular and short
• features of a synovial joint


  ligament - connects bone to bone. synovial fluid - reduces friction and lubricates. articular cartilage - absorbs shock and prevents friction. joint capsule - strengthens joint by secreting synovial fluid. bursa - reduces friction between tendons and bones
• types of plane


  sagittal - divides body into left and right. transverse - divides body into superior and inferior. frontal - divides body into anterior and posterior.
• types of synovial joint


  hinge - one plane of motion e.g. knee. pivot - one plane e.g. radio-ulnar joint. gliding - 3 planes e.g. spine. ball and socket - 3 planes e.g. hip. condyloid - 2 planes e.g. wrist
• sagittal plane movements


  flexion and extension e.g bicep curl, dorsiflexion and plantarflexion e.g. jumping phase of a basketball shot
• frontal plane movements


  adduction and abduction e.g inward and outward phase of a lateral raise.
• transverse plane movements


  horizontal flexion and extension e.g. throwing a discus at the hip. rotation e.g. tennis forehand groudstroke with topspin
• what is the origin


  the point of a muscular attachment to a stationary bone
• what is insertion


  the point of muscular attachment to a moveable bone which gets closer to the origin during contraction
• what is an agonist


  a muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint
• what is an antagonist


  muscle that opposes the agonist, providing resistance
• what is a fixator


  muscle that stabilises part of the body
• isotonic contraction

  muscle changes length during contraction
• concentric contraction


  muscle shortens whilst providing tension e.g biceps brachii upward phase of a bicep curl
• eccentric contraction


  muscle lengthens producing tension e.g. biceps brachia downward phase of a bicep curl
• isometric contraction


  muscle contracts but does not change length e.g. biceps brachii holding free weight in the hand still
• what is involved in movement analysis


  joint type, articulating bones, movement pattern, agonist muscle, antagonist muscle and contraction type
• ankle analysis


  joint - hinge. bones - tibia, fibula. movement - dorsiflexion - tibias anterior, plantarflexion - gastrocnemius and soleus. plane - sagittal
• knee analysis


  joint - hinge. bones - femur, tibia. movement - flexion - biceps femoris, extension - rectus femoris. plane - sagittal.
• hip analysis


  joint - ball and socket. bones - pelvis and femur. movement - flexion - illiopsoas, extension - gluteus maximus. plane - sagittal.

  movement - adduction - adductor longs, abduction - gluteus medius and mininmus. plane - frontal.

  movement - medial rotation - gluteus medius and minimus, lateral rotation - gluteus maximus. plane - transverse
• shoulder analysis


  joint - ball and socket. bones - humerus and scapula. movement - flexion - anterior deltoid, extension - posterior deltoid. plane - sagittal

  
  

  movement - adduction - latissimus dorsi, abduction - medial deltoid. plane - frontal.

  
  

  movement - horizontal flexion - pectorals major, horizontal extension - posterior deltoid and teres major. plane - transverse
• elbow analysis


  joint - hinge. bones - humerus, radius, ulna. plane - sagittal. movement - flexion - bicep brachii, extension - tricep brachii.
• wrist analysis


  joint - condyloid. bones - radius, ulna, carpals. movement - flexion - wrist flexors, extension - wrist extensors. plane - sagittal
• what is a motor neurone


  nerve cell which conducts nerve impulse to muscle fibres
• what is a motor unit


  motor neurone and muscle fibres
• how do muscles contract


  nerve impulse initiated by motor neurone cell body. nerve impulse is conducted along axon by action potential into synaptic cleft. acetylcholine is secreted into synaptic cleft to conduct nerve impulse across gap. if electrical charge is above threshold, the muscle fibre will contract. this happens in an all-or-nothing fashion.
• slow oxidative - type 1


  rich in mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries. produces small force over a long period of time. they work aerobically.
• fast oxidative glycolytic - type 2a


  produce a large amount of force quickly. can resist fatigue. high-intensity activities lasting several minutes.
• fast glycolytic - type 2b


  work anaerobically. large stores of phosphocreatine. fatigue quickly. high intensity activities lasting a short duration.
• slow oxidative fibre recover ratio

  1:1 or 1:0.5
• fast glycolytic fibre recovery


  1:3+ with 3-5 minute intervals between sets. 4-10 days recovery, 48 hours before using the muscle group again.