Propents and Evidences of Evolution

• Jean Baptiste De Lamarck 


  he proposed that animals could develop certain traits and passed on their offspring and its succeeding generations

  example: giraffe
• Charles Darwin


  he proposed that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce
• Two Components of Natural Selection

  Inheritance and Variations
• Father of Biogeography 


  Alfred Russel Wallace
• Alfred Russel Wallace


  He stated that those that are better physically equipped to survive, grow to maturity, and reproduce. Those that are lacking in such fitness, on the other hand, either do not reach an age when they can reproduce or produce fewer offspring than their counterparts.
• Alfred Russel Wallace 


  he stated the SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST (SHORT MEANING OF HIS THEORY)
• Barrier is the reason why different organism adapts to their environment which creates new species.
• Homology


  anatomical feature originally possessed by an ancestor that has subsequently been modified by its descendants for a specific function
• Order of the bones structure:

  Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalenges
• Embryology


  All embryos exactly look the same during the early stages of development
• Contrivances 


  Existing traits MODIFIED(contrived) to SERVE a NEW FUNCTION

  the characteristics that are passed through generation which is not “perfectly” adapted to the environment
• Vestigial organ 


  all adapted characteristics of parents will be passed on to their offspring but some are not useful anymore after many generations
• Examples of Vestigial Organs


  Coccyx (tailbone)

  Goosebump

  Wisdom tooth/ third molar

  Appendix
• Paleontological Evidences


  Evidence of SIMILARITY OF CERTAIN FOSSILS found on the different continents

  Most fossils were commonly preserved in the SEDIMENTARY ROCK
• Most fossils were commonly preserved in the SEDIMENTARY ROCK
• Evidence from Geographic Distribution: Biogeography


  Biogeography, the study of the geographical distribution of organisms, provides information about how and when species may have evolved. Fossils provide evidence of long-term evolutionary changes, documenting the past existence of species that are now extinct
• Biogeography 


  The study of the geographical distribution of organisms,
• Evidence from Comparative Anatomy 


  study the body structures of different species of animals in order to understand the adaptive changes they have undergone in the course of evolution from common ancestors
• Homologous structures


  These are the structures that are similar in related organisms because they were inherited from a common ancestor. These structures may or may not have the same function in the descendants.
• Analogous structures 


  These are the structures that are similar in unrelated organisms. The structures are similar because they evolved to do the same job, not because they were inherited from a common ancestor.
• Evidence from Physiology and Biochemistry


  In all organisms the basic molecules of cell are the same, e.g. carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes, etc. The nitrogen bases, the nucleotides, are the same for all organisms, only the length and sequence may vary.
• Evidence from Selection 


  bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. To survive, germs develop defense strategies against antibiotics called resistance mechanisms. DNA tells the germ how to make specific proteins, which determine the germ’s resistance mechanisms. Bacteria and fungi can carry genes for many types of resistance.
• How can we prevent antibiotic resistance?


  Complete the full course of antibiotics and only take them when really needed.
• Evidence from Selection 


  One is through mutations that occur in the DNA of the cell during replication.

  The other way that bacteria acquire resistance is through horizontal gene transfer
• Artificial Selection 


  Sort controlled by human purpose than natural forces

  EXAMPLE : Cultivation of new varieties of rice plants Breeding of animals
• New species can be created through: 


  Mutation

  Gene Flow

  Recombination

  Genetic Drift
• Gene Flow


  New gene combinations from sexual reproduction will introduce into the population.
• Cause a mutation in a single species:


  Carcinogen

  DNA replication

  Gamma Rays
• Why does the embryos of all vertebrates have the same physical appearance?

  Because of the shared history of all vertebrates.
• Genetic variation in a single species


  It prevent the extinction of different organisms/ species
• The Hardy - Weinberg Equilibrium 


  Formula to compute genetic stability p2+2pq+q2=1

  Q is the recessive trait
• The nature of the genotype of an organism if it acquired new characteristics

  • The new genotype will remain the same even though the organism acquired new characteristics
• Carolus Linnaeus 


  Formulated the modern system of naming organism called binomial nomenclature