Chapter 2

• Variables: anything that changes over time
• Independent Variable: is the manipulated variable. The variable being changed by the researcher
• Dependent Variable: The change happening as the independent variable is manipulated
• Correlation: A statistical measure of the degree of association between two or more variables. It finds the relationship between variables
• Strong negitive: one variable goes up, and the other variable goes down
• Strong positive: one variable goes up, and the other variable goes up
• Correlation isn't causation. one thing changing does not imply a realtionship
• Functional Relationship: change of dependent variable caused by change in an independent variable
• Appetitive Stimulus: Seeking out stimulus, like food as a reward
• Aversive stimulus: avoiding stimulus due to scolding (ect)
• Overt: observable
• Covert: in your head, only know to the person thinking
• Establishing Stimulus: increases the stimulus effectiveness
• Abolishing stimulus: decreases the stimulus effectiveness
• Contiguity: Space or time relationship between events
• Contingency: predictive functional relationship between events
• Rate of Response: number of responses that occur in a period of time
• Intensity: the magnitude of behaviour
• Speed: the lenght of time it takes for behaviour to occur to start and finish
• Latency: time required for the behavior to begin
• Interval Recording: measurement of whether a behavior occurs in a given interval
• Time-sampling recording: whether a behavior occurs during teacher interval within a series of disconnected intervals
• Topography: observational physical form of the behavior
• Descriptive research: studies behaviour and circumstances in which it occurs
• Experimental research: aims to identify the functional relationship in independent variable and assess the effect on the dependent variable
• Group Design: one or more or levels of Independent variable are manipulated across groups
• Experimental Research: the goal is to identify functional relationships through the manipulation of independent and assessing the effects on the dependent variable
• Group Design: One, multiple or levels of Independent variable are manipulated across groups. Pros are functions can be identified via statistical test. Cons are large number of participants are required
• Single-subject designs:

  • Pro's
  • Allows experiment with one subject
  • ideal for determining effectiveness
  • exact control over variables
  • Cons
  • bad for long-lasting effects
  • Ethical to remove support from an individual
• Multiple Baseline Design:

  • Pros
  • do not have to remove treatment to see if it works
  • useful for assessing the effect of an intervention on multiple behaviors
  • Cons
  • Needs more than one person
  • treatments can be generalized
• Changing Criterion Design:

  • Pros
  • Great for when behavior is going to change
  • Cons
  • Difficult to determine if the change is due to the treatment