Infection and response

• name the four groups of pathogens?

  Bacteria, virus, protist and fungi
• Define pathogen?

  Micro- organisms that cause infectious disease
• Give 3 ways in which diseases can be spread?

  Direct contact, water or air
• explain how bacteria makes us feel sick?

  Bacteria rapidly reproduces inside the body, releasing toxins that damage tissues making us feel ill.
• Explain how viruses make us feel sick?

  viruses live and reproduce inside our cells, causing cell damage
• What type of pathogen is the disease measles and how is it spread?

  It is a virus and it is spread through the air
• What are the symptoms for measles and how can you prevent/treat measles?

  The symptoms are fever and rash and to prevent getting measles you can get a vaccination
• What type of pathogen is the disease HIV and how is it spread?

  It is a virus and it is spread through the sharing of bodily fluids, sexual contact
• What are the symptoms of HIV and how can it be prevented?

  The symptoms of flu like symptoms and if it becomes too bad later on the bodies immune system can no longer deal with other infections or cancers and to prevent getting it you can use antiretroviral drugs
• what type of pathogen is the disease tobacco mosaic virus and how is it spread?

  It is a virus and it is spread through direct contact
• What are the symptoms for tobacco mosaic virus disease?

  A distinctive mosaic pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis
• what type of pathogen is salmonella and how is it spread?

  It is bacteria and it is spread through ingesting infected food
• What are the symptoms of salmonella and how can you prevent getting it?

  The symptoms are fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea. To prevent getting it, you can get a vaccination.
• What type of pathogen is the disease gonorrhoea and how is it spread?

  It is bacteria and it is spread through STI
• What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea and how can you prevent getting it?

  The symptoms are thick yellow/green discharge released from vagina or penis. Pain when urinating to prevent getting this you can use antibiotics controlled by barrier contraception.
• What type of pathogen is the disease malaria and how is it spread?

  It is protist and it is spread by mosquitoes
• What are the symptoms of malaria and how do you prevent getting it?


  The symptoms are fever and to stop getting it use mosquito nets and bug spray.
• what is the type of pathogen for the disease rose blackspot and how is it spread?

  It is fungi and it is spread through Wind or water
• What are the symptoms of rose blackspot and how do you prevent getting it?


  Purple or black spots develop on the leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early. Purple or black spots develop on the leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early. It affects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced.

  To prevent getting it fungicide and/or removing and destroying the affected leave.
• Describe how the skin protect us?


  It’s a barrier to infection, forms scabs, enzymes and anti-microbials
• How does the nose protect us?


  Hairs are barriers. Mucus traps pathogens.
• How does the trachea protect us?

  Goblet cells produce mucus to trap pathogens
• How does the stomach protect us?

  Hydrochloric acid kills any pathogens in food or trapped in swallowed mucus it is a chemical barrier
• Explain three ways in which white blood cells protect us against pathogens?


  Engulf pathogens

  Antibody protection – specific antibodies are released which attach to matching antigens on the pathogen, destroying the pathogen

  Antitoxin production – neutralised toxins released by bacteria

  Memory cells
• What is contained in vaccinations?


  Small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen
• How does the body respond to a vaccination?


  Stimulated the white blood cells to produce antibodies
• Upon reinfection, how does the body respond?


  If the same pathogen enters the body, the white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies, preventing infection
• Name an antibiotic?


  Penicillin
• What do antibiotics cure?

  Bacterial diseases by killing infected bacteria inside the body
• What is the importance of antibiotics to humans?


  The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced deaths from infectious bacterial diseases. The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced deaths from infectious bacterial diseases. however, the emergence of strains resistant to antibiotics is of great concern.
• Why can’t antibiotics not be used to measles?


  Antibiotics cannot kill viral pathogens
• What do painkillers do?


  Painkillers and other medicines are used to treat the symptoms of disease but do not kill pathogens. It is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without also damaging the bodies tissue.