Genetics

• Genetics

  Study of genes and their transmission from one generation to the next
• Genes

  DNA sequences that contain instructions for building proteins
• Genome


  Sum total of all of the organism's DNA
• Meiosis


  • Genetically different from the parents and the 4 daughter cell is different from itself on prophase when crossing over happens and on anaphase 1 where the homologous chromosomes separate

  
• Genes


  DNA
• DNA


  Chromosomes

  
• Chromosomes


  Genome

  
• Genotype


  All the sets of alleles, complete set of alleles
• Phenotype


  Characteristics that are expressed, physical and biochemical structure such as blood or observable functional traits
• Chromosomes


  Structures within the nucleus, composed of DNA & protein
• Humans have 46 chromosomes and 23 pairs

  
• First 22 are AUTOSOMES & last 1 pair is an ALLOSOME (sex chromosomes where XX is female and XY for male)
• Karyotype


  Procedure where we identify and evaluate the size and shape of the chromosomes to see if there are missing or extra chromosomes (mutations)

  
• Karyotype is arranged from largest to smallest chromosomes

  
• Karyotype doesn't include the last chromosomes

  
• Karyotyping


  • Important to find out if you have mutation in sex cell to know if you will pass it down

  
• Karyotyping


  • You can identify if it is a homologous pair by its size, shape, and centromere location
• Each chromosome carries a specific gene
• Karyotype


  A composite visual display of all of the chromosomes of an individual

  
• Karyotype

  • Shows all 23 pairs of chromosomes lined up side-by-side

  
• Karyotype

  • We evaluate the Size, Shape, and Number of Chromosomes

  
• Karyotype

  • Chromosomes are arranged from the largest to the smallest
• Karyotyping


  • You'll find out the alterations or mutations, especially if it is in your sex cells, will have a chance of it being passed down to your baby
• Stillborn—baby born dead
• Karyotyping


  • Aside from the size, you can look at the location of their centromeres to find out if the two are homologous

  
• Autosomes


  Parts can also be found in allosomes
• Pair of autosomes


  Each autosome carries the same genes at the locus

  
• Gene locus


  The location of a specific pair of genes

  
• Pair of genes


  Normally, both genes have the same structure and function

  
• Alleles


  Alternative versions of the same gene pair

  
• Color blindness is more common in males
• Dominant allele


  Always expressed whether homo or hetero, expressed with a capital letter, masks or suppresses the expression of its complimentary allele

  
• Recessive allele


  Only expressed if homozygous, expressed by small letter, will not be expressed if paired with a dominant allele (heterozygous)

  
• Dominant alleles are not always more common than recessive ones; sometimes they may be rare in a population

  
• Homologous chromosomes


  One member of each pair is inherited from each parent, look alike (size, shape, banding pattern), not identical: may have different alleles of particular gene

  
• Homozygous


  The homologous pair are carrying identical alleles at the same location

  
• Heterozygous


  Two different alleles at a specific location

  
• Hemizygous


  Found only in X or Y; Only one allele
• Color Blindness allele is hemizygous
• Gregor Johann Mendel


  Father of Genetics, experimented and worked on the garden pea plants (by breeding them) in the 1850's in Austria