Unit 9

• Incisor


  Cutting and biting
• Main Functions of the Teeth


  • Chewing food into a bolus
  • Gives structure, tissue support and shape to the face
  • Aid in the pronunciation of sound during speech
• Crown


  Part of the tooth above the gum
• Neck


  Part of the tooth at the gum line
• Root


  Part of the tooth below the gum
• Enamel


  Outermost layer of the tooth
• Dentin


  Layer under the enamel
• Odontoblasts


  Cells that produce dentin
• Pulp Chamber


  Contains blood vessels and nerves
• Gum


  Soft tissue covering the jaw bone
• Root Canal


  Passage through the root of the tooth
• Cementum


  Covers the root of the tooth
• Periodontal Ligament


  Connects the tooth to the jaw bone
• Blood Vessels


  Supply the tooth with nutrients
• Jaw Bone


  Supports the teeth
• Root Apex


  Tip of the tooth root
• Common Dental Problems


  • Gingivitis
  • Periodontitis
  • Halitosis (bad breath)
  • Tooth erosion and decay
  • Mouth sores
  • Unattractive smile
• Classification of Dental Products


  • Anticaries Agents
  • Cleaning Agents
  • Desensitizing Agents
  • Polishing Agents
  • Dental cement and fillers
• Anticaries Agents


  Agents that prevent tooth decay
• Tooth decay process


  1. Bacteria feed on sugars

  2. Bacteria make acid

  3. Acid damages tooth surfaces

  4. Over time, this process can cause a hole
• Plaque


  Dental biofilm that forms on teeth
• Tooth decay process


  1. Sugars in drinks and foods

  2. Bacteria in plaque

  3. Acids

  4. Demineralisation (loss of calcium and phosphate)
• Fluoride


  An anticariogenic agent that replaces the hydroxyl ion in hydroxyapatite with the fluoride ion to form fluorapatite in the outer surface of the enamel
• Fluorapatite


  Hardens the enamel and makes it more acid resistant
• Sodium Fluoride (NaF)


  Protects teeth from acid demineralization, provides strength for tooth enamel, prevents dental caries
• Stannous Fluoride (SnF2)


  Unpleasant astringent-salty taste, should be freshly prepared as aqueous solution deteriorates rapidly
• Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride


  Prevents dental caries, reduces gum and tooth sensitivity, strengthens teeth
• Mechanical measures to control dental caries


  • Prophylaxis by dentist
  • Tooth brushing
  • Mouth rinsing
  • Use of dental floss or tooth picks
  • Incorporation of detergents foods in diet
  • Pit and fissure sealants
• Cleaning Agents (Dentrifice)


  Clean tooth surface, provide polishing effect, physically remove plaque and debris, whiten teeth
• Cleaning Agents


  • Calcium salts such as carbonate, phosphate and pyrophosphate
  • Sodium salts such borate, metaphosphate
  • Hydrogen peroxide and magnesium peroxide
  • Ammoniacal silver nitrate solution
• Desensitizing Agents


  Reduce sensitivity of teeth to heat, cold or touch, provide local anesthetic, non-abrasive
• Desensitizing Agents


  • Zinc chloride
  • Strontium chloride
• Pumice


  A light, rough, porous, odorless, greyish mass that contains silicates of aluminum, potassium and sodium
• Polishing Agents


  Clean tooth surface, provide polishing effect, whiten teeth
• Polishing Agents


  • Sodium metaphosphate (SMP)
  • Pumice
• Dental cement and fillers


  Temporarily cover and protect teeth that have undergone dental procedure or surgery, can contain antiseptic or local anaesthetic
• Dental cements and fillers

  • Zinc oxide eugenol
  • Zinc oxide + zinc chloride
  • Zinc oxide + phosphoric acid = zinc oxychloride, zinc oxyphosphate
• Categories of Inhalants by NIH


  • Volatile solvents
  • Aerosols
  • Gases
  • Nitrites
• Volatile solvents


  Liquids that vaporize at room temperature, common household, industrial and medical products
• Gases


  Common household, industrial and medical products