biology paper 1

    Cards (56)

    • what are eukaryotic cells?

      Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
      animal and plant cells
    • what are prokaryotic cells?
      bacterial cells
      cytoplasm and cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall
      dna loop
      plasmids
    • what are eukaryotic cells measured in?
      micrometers
    • what are prokaryotic cells measured in?
      nanometres
    • what do animal cells have in them?
      nucleus
      mitochondria
      ribosomes
      cytoplasm
      cell membrane
    • what do plant cells have in them
      same sub-cellular structures as animal cells but have:
      chloroplasts
      permanent vacuole filled with cell sap
      cell wall
    • Plant cells

      Have the same sub-cellular structures as animal cells, but with the addition of chloroplasts, a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap, and a cell wall made out of cellulose
    • Algae also have a cellulose cell wall
    • Nucleus
      Contains the genetic material
    • Mitochondria
      Provides energy by carrying out respiration
    • Ribosomes
      Carries out protein synthesis
    • Cytoplasm
      Where most of the chemical reactions happen
    • Cell membrane

      Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
    • Chloroplast
      Absorbs light for photosynthesis
    • Permanent vacuole

      Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid
    • Cellulose cell wall
      Gives strength to the cell and supports the plant
    • Plasmids
      Additional genetic material
    • how to use a light microscope?
      1. place the specimen on stage
      2. switch on microscope
      3. x4 objective lens is clicked into place
      4. specimen into focus by using the coarse focus
      5. when in focus, move the objective lens to x10
      6. repeat with the different objective lens
    • what do group of similar cells come together to create?
      tissue
    • what does a group of tissue can come together as?
      organs
    • what does organs come to be organised as?
      organ systems eg circulatory system
    • how are nerve cells specialised? 

      long thin axon helps nerve impulses
      dendrites to past nerve impulses to nerve cells
    • how is a muscle cell specalised?
      mitochondria for energy
    • how are phloem cells specialised?
      small holes in end plates to allow sugar
    • why does mitosis occur?
      1. growth of multicellular organisms
      2. repair of damaged tissues
      3. replacement of cells
      4. asexual reproduction
    • what are stem cells?
      undifferentiated cells that can become any type of specialised cell
    • what are the advantages and disadvantages for using stem cells as therapeutic cloning? 

      advantage:
      1. no rejection of cells/organs by patient
      2. no waiting time
      disadvantages:
      1. transfer of viral infection
      2. ethical/religious objections
    • what is diffusion?

      net movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentation
    • what are the factors that increase the rate of diffusion?
      1. concentration gradient increases
      2. temperature increases
      3. surface area increases
    • what is osmosis?
      a movement of water from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration
    • what is active transport?
      movement of particles against the concentration gradient
    • what are the three main nutrients
      carbohydrates, and protien and lipids
    • how are food molecules broken down
      enzymes
    • how does the mouth break down food?
      enzymes in the saliva digest the starch into smaller sugar molecules
    • what does the oesophagus do to break down food molecules?
      passes food down too the stomach and the stomach enzymes begin to break down proteins
    • what does the stomach contain?
      hydrochloric acid
    • what does the churning action of the stomach help?
      turns the food into a fluid which increases the surface area for enzymes to digest
    • where does the fluid now
      go?
      small intestine
    • where is chemicals released from?
      liver and the pancreas
    • what does the pancreas release?

      enzymes which help continue the digestion of starch and protein. also help start the digestion of lipids
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