geog paper 1

• hydroelectric dams store water behind them to create potential energy which is then released through the turbine blades to generate electricity
• wind turbines convert kinetic energy into electrical energy
• chemical weathering changes the composition of rock by reacting with water or air to form new minerals
• the main types of renewable energy are wind, solar, hydroelectricity, tidal barrage, wave power, biomass
• the main types of weathering are physical, chemical, biological
• physical weathering is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces without changing their composition
• Coastal erosion


  The wearing away of the land by the action of the sea
• Hydraulic power is the force of waves crashing against the rock
• Abrasion is the scraping and grinding of rock by pebbles and sand
• Corrosion is the chemical reaction between the rock and the sea water
• Attrition is the breaking apart of the rock by the spring effect of pebbles grinding over a rocky surface
• Weathering is the breaking down of the rock by the action of the air getting into cracks
• Weathering


  The weakening and breakdown of rock
• Deposition happens when water slows down and waves lose their energy
• Sediment deposition


  • Beaches
  • Mudflats
  • Marshes
• Main types of weathering


  • Mechanical (physical)
  • Chemical
  • Biological
• Longshore drift is the movement of sediment along the coast due to the direction that waves approach the coast
• Where waves approach head on


  Sediment moves up and down the beach
• Coastal landforms


  • Influenced by rock type and geological structure
  • Different types of rock erode at different rates
  • Coastal erosion produces distinctive landforms
• Mass movement


  The downward movement of material
• Where waves approach at an angle

  Sediment moves along the beach in a zigzag pattern (longshore drift)
• Coastal landforms


  • Headlands and bays
  • Caves, arches and stacks
  • Cliffs and wave-cut platforms
• Examples of mass movement


  • Rockfall
  • Landslide
  • Mudflow
  • Rotational slip
• Formation of headlands and bays

  1. Erosion creates headlands

  2. Deposition occurs in bays

  3. Beach forms
• Weathering is the weakening and breakdown of rock
• Formation of caves, arches and stacks

  1. Erosion creates caves

  2. Arches form as caves erode through

  3. Stacks form as headlands are eroded
• Drainage basin


  The area drained by a river and its tributaries
• There are three main types of weathering: mechanical (physical), chemical and biological
• Mass movement is the downward movement of material
• How a river's long profile changes


  1. Steep in upland areas (upper course)

  2. Gentle in lowlands (lower course)

  3. Steps in profile due to waterfalls
• Formation of cliffs and wave-cut platforms


  1. Waves break against cliffs

  2. Erosion creates a wave-cut notch

  3. Undercutting causes cliff collapse

  4. Wave-cut platforms form
• There are four main examples of mass movement: rockfall, landslide, mudflow and rotational slip
• Coastal erosion is the processes of coastal change
• River's long profile


  • Steep in upland areas (upper course)
  • Gentle in lowlands (lower course)
• Coastal deposition landforms


  • Beaches
  • Sand dunes
  • Spits
  • Bars
• Processes of coastal erosion


  • Solution
  • Corrasion
  • Abrasion
  • Attrition
  • Hydraulic power
• River's cross profile


  • Narrow, shallow, turbulent in upper course
  • Wider, deeper, larger sediment load in lower course
• Formation of beaches


  1. Sand and pebbles deposited by waves

  2. Sandy beaches form on sheltered coasts

  3. Pebble beaches form on exposed coasts
• Deposition happens when the sea and waves lose energy
• Types of river erosion


  • Vertical erosion
  • Lateral erosion