Personal aims

• Philip wants to appear Greek

  • “fortune has cast you as Agamemnon, doesn’t It embarrass you to at like Thersities“ (Diodorus)
  • this causesPhilip to reconsider his actions
  • “persuaded the Athenians to enter a peace treaty with him since he was no long claiming Amphipolis for himself“ (Diodorus)
  • He is kind to Athenian prisoners (Chaeronea, Potidaea, Methone)
  • “he always treated the Athenian people with great respect because of their city’s importance and standing“ (Diodorus)
• Philip desires glory

  • “glory was his sole aim and ambition“ “he desires and strives for glory“ (Demosthenes)
  • “he desired to become leader of the Greeks” (Diodorus)
  • Third Sacred war
  • ”brought incredibly great glory to him in the opinion of all people” (Justin)
  • “gone a long way towards laying the groundwork for the growth of his power in the future“ (Diodorus)
  • “ambitious to be designated general of Hellas in supreme commander“ (Diodorus)
  • “any of them who are experienced in war and battle are removed by Philip out of jealousy… Philip’s jealousy is unsurpassable“ (Demosthenes)
• Philip wants wealth

  • mines at Crenides “Annual income of more than a thousand talents“ (Diodorus)
• Philip doesn’t share his glory

  • “his subjects have no share in the glory that results… being pounded by this to and fro campaigning“ (Demosthenes)
  • “any of them who are experienced in war and battle are removed by Philip… he reports that Philip’s jealousy is unsurpassable“ (Demosthenes)
  • “Refusing the yield the credit for victory even to Alexander“ (Diodorus)
• Philip uses manipulation to expand

  • Paeonia
  • “no associate of his whom he has not cheated“ (Demosthenes)
• Philip improves his popularity through Third Sacred War

  • “join the council“ in the Amphytionic League (Diodorus)
  • “he returned to macedon, having enlarged his kingdom“ (Diodorus)
  • “earned a reputation for piety and strategic skill“ (Diodorus)
• Alexander wants to be like Philip

  • “first to break the ranks of the sacred band of Thebans“ (Plutarch)
  • “began to magnify Philip’s achievements and belittle Alexander’s“ (Arrian)
  • death of Cleitus, he wants to be better than Philip
  • “only the name of the king had changed“ (Diodorus)
• Alexander compares himself to Greek heroes

  • “comparison to Heracles himself“ (Arrian) (death of cleitus)
  • “Alexander cut his hair short in mourning for his friend… in emulation of Achilles whose rival he had always felt himself to be“ (Arrian)
  • Arrian’s description of the campaign against the Mallians
• Alexander’s concern for his reputation

  • “i will not steal my victory“ at Gaugamela (Arriaan)
  • “by staying where he was he might well be killed with nothing accomplished“ against Mallians (Arrian)
  • “he thought his reputation would suffer“ after the crucification at Tyre (Rufus)
• Alexander as a conqueror

  • letter to“as supreme commander of all Greece i invaded asia because i wished to punish Persia“ (Arrian)
  • “he accept Asia as a spear one gift from the gods“ (Diodorus)
  • Gordium Knot