Psych

• What is the area of Milgram?


  Social
• What is the area of Bocchiaro?

  Social
• What is the area of Bandura?

  Developmental
• What is the area of Chaney?

  Developmental
• What is the area of Loftus?

  Cognitive
• What is the area of Grant?

  Cognitive
• What is the area of Sperry?

  Biological
• What is the area of Casey?

  Biological
• What is the area of Freud?

  Individual differences
• What is the area of Baron-Cohen?

  Individual differences
• What is the aim of Milgram?

  To understand the effect of authority on obedience
• What is the IV and DV of milgram?

  No IV. Obedience is the DV.
• Name three controls of Milgram.

  the learner, the experimenter, the shock machine, the voltage of the sample shock and the location.
• Give three features of the Milgram sample.

  20-50 year olds

  Range of jobs

  40 men

  Can't be in university

  New Haven area of America.
• Who was the learner in Milgram?

  a likeable, 47 year old, Irish-American accountant.
• Who was the experimenter in Milgram?

  a stern, 31 year old, male biology teacher.
• Summarise the procedure of Milgram in 7 sentences. Clue: Rigged, chair, wrong, 15V, 300V, silence, debrief.

  The participant and the confederate draw their roles from a rigged lottery. The learner is strapped into the "electric chair" and the teacher is given a sample shock. The teacher reads out word pairs to the learner and, if he gets it wrong, the teacher gives him a shock. Shocks start at 15V and increase by 15 V each time. At 300V, the learner pounds on the wall and then goes silent. The experimenter tells the teacher to treat silence as a wrong answer. At the end, they are debriefed.
• Name three results of Milgram.

  Survey of 14 Yale seniors believed only 1.2% would go all the way.

  65% gave top voltage of 450V

  3 had seizures.
• Give a conclusion of Milgram.

  People are much more obedience to destructive orders than we think. OR Most people will obey orders that are against their conscience.
• Name two strengths of Milgram.

  Recording of both quantitative data and qualitative data.

  Situation was similar to those where atrocities were committed.

  Reliable.

  Practical applications.
• Name two weaknesses of Milgram.

  Ethics.

  Low in ecological validity.

  Ungeneralisable.

  Volunteers (participants could invite people who are similar)
• What were the 2 aims of Bocchiaro?

  To investigate whether personality attributes affect whistleblowing.

  To study people who disobey and who blow the whistle.
• What were the IV and DV of Bocchiaro?


  No IV and the DV was obedience.
• What were the four controls of Bocchiaro?

  Room.

  Cover story

  Experimenter

  Computer
• What was Sample 1 of Bocchiaro?

  138 students
• Give 2 features of Sample 2 of Bocchiaro.

  149 undergraduates

  96 women, 53 men

  Mean age = 20.8

  VU university in Amsterdam
• Summarise the procedure pf Bocchiaro in 8 points. Clue: 1, withdraw, cover, advertisement, 7, unethical, tests, informed.

  Sample 1 was asked what they would do and what they believed the average student would do. Sample 2 was given a right to withdraw and consent forms. The experimenter told the the cover story. They were told to use words like 'superb' and 'incredible' in an advertisement for the sensory deprivation experiment. They were then left for 7 minutes. If they believed it was unethical, they could fill out an anonymous form and put it in the mailbox. Then, the experimenter gave them two personality tests and some questions on religion. Then they were debriefed and gave informed consent.
• Give three results of Bocchiaro.


  3.6% believed they would obey.

  31.9% believed they would disobey.

  64.5% believed they would blow the whistle.

  18.8% thought an average student at VU University would obey.

  43.9% believed the average student would disobey.

  37.3% believed the average student would blow the whistle.

  76.5% obeyed the experimenter.

  14.1% disobeyed.

  9.4% blew the whistle.

  6.0% had whistleblown and written a message. 3.4% had refused to write it.

  The whistleblowers shared no similarities in the personality test or religion.
• Name one conclusion of Bocchiaro.


  There aren't any dispositional factors which influence whistle-blowers. OR Many people believe they are special. By this, they believe they would disobey or blow the whistle while believing others would obey.
• Name two strengths of Bocchiaro.


  Ethics: They followed nearly all the ethics codes.

  Highly controlled due to the laboratory setting.

  It is very easy to replicate.
• Name two weaknesses of Bocchiaro.


  Ethics: They weren't fully protected psychologically due to the stressful situation, especially if they obeyed the experimenter.

  Low ecological validity because people aren't usually put in that situation.

  Only quantitative data
• Name one aim of Bandura.


  To investigate if aggression can be acquired by observation and imitation.

  To see if the gender of a child influences aggression levels

  To see if the gender of role model influences aggression in children.
• What was were the three IVs and the DV of Bandura?


  The IV was gender of child, gender of role model and the aggression of the role model and the DV was the amount of imitated and non-imitated aggression.
• Name three controls of Bandura.


  Toys

  Same position of toys

  Matched participants (matched to conditions)

  Timings

  Judges

  Location

  Model behaviour in each condition

  Models
• Describe the sample of Bandura.

  36 boys and 36 girls from the Stanford University Nursery School aged between 3 to 6 years old.
• How were the children in Bandura matched?


  Matched by their aggressive behavior on four 5-point rating scales.
• How as inter-rater reliability ensured in Bandura?

  2 judges rating 51 of the children independently and their ratings compared.
• What was Stage 1 of Bandura called?


  Modelling
• What was Stage 2 of Bandura called?

  Aggression Arousal
• What was Stage 3 of Bandura called?


  Test for Delayed Imitation