Henry 8 FP

• Conciliar rule: 1509-1514

  • 1513 2nd French war (Some success)
  • H8 led forces to NE France and won the ‘Battle of the Spurs’
  • Captured Tournai and Therouanne
  • Largely used for propaganda of H8’s success
  • War against Scotland 1513 (Failure)
  • Henry wins the ‘Battle of Flodden’ led by the Earl of Surrey
  • James IV is killed, although Henry did nothing to capitalise off this victory
  • The war left H8 forced to liquify assets left by his father
  • Increased social unrest due to higher taxation to fund revenue
  • The renegotiated French pension from the Treaty of Etaples was lost
• Conciliar rule: 1509-1514

  • Renewal of treaty of Etaples 1510 (Mostly success)
  • Influenced by regency council
  • 1510 creation of the Holy League- anti-French alliance (Some success)
  • Spain, HRE, Venice and the papacy
  • 1512 1st French war (Large failure)
  • Sent 10,000 men to SW France however, it was used as a diversion by Ferdinand to conquer Navarre with Maximillian 
  • Wasted resources and no gains
• Chief Minister (Wolsey): 1515-1529

  • After the HRE (Maximilian) negotiated the Treaty of Cambrai (w/ France) in 1517, Wolsey was forced to negotiate peace with France to avoid diplomatic isolation
  • Treaty of London 1518- general European peace
  • As a result, Wolsey was promoted to papal legate by the Pope
  • Ended England's isolationism, increased Wolsey's power
  • Field of cloth of Gold 1520
  • Attempt to reinforce diplomacy between France/England
  • Lost England £15,000
• Chief Minister (Wolsey): 1515-1529

  • 1521 Treaty of Bruge (Charles V/Spain)
  • Aimed to improve papal relations, gain more French territory, and secure a marriage alliance between Mary and Charles
  • 1522 & 1523 attempted French invasion
  • Helped Henry gain nothing and gained no foreign support
  • 1525 Battle of Pavia (Charles)
  • H8 refused to aid in rebellion from his failed 1522 invasions
  • Meaning he missed out on the massive success gained from the war
  • Charles later withdrew from the Treaty of Bruge because of this
• Chief Minister (Wolsey): 1515-1529

  • 1527 H8 and Wolsey break from Rome to achieve his great matter
  • In rebellion, H8 gave aid to the League of Cognac against Charles
  • 1527 Henry entered Treaty of Amiens w/ France against the HRE & Spain to gain a united front
  • However, the 1529 French defeat at the Battle of Landriano meant that France entered the Peace of Cambrai- leaving England further isolated by 1529
  • Henry lost all hope to achieve his great matter using the papacy due to the Pope's alliance w/ the HRE and Spain
• Conciliar rule (More): 1529-32

  • Henry tried to enter into a French alliance in 1532, however, both nations were weak w/ little European influence after 1529
• Conciliar rule (Cromwell): 1532-40

  • In 1536 pressure on H8 decreased
  • Catherine of Aragon was dead, and Anne Boleyn had been executed
  • There was also the possibility of an alliance w/ Charles
  • However, in 1538 H8 was weakened again
  • Charles and Francis entered the Treat of Nice meaning they severed ties with England- leaving H8 diplomatically isolated AGAIN
  • The Pope also deposed H8 and increased his support for France & Scotland against England (Auld alliance)
• Conciliar rule (Cromwell): 1532-1540

  • In 1534 in Ireland Kildare was dismissed as the Government did not like him
  • This led to an Irish rebellion by his son, leaving the Government forced to impose English law and create new counties away from the Gaelic lords by 1541
  • However, the whole country was very poorly pacified and Irish discontent was high
• Conciliar (Factionalism)1540-1547

  • Return to aggressive FP
  • 1542 Battle of Soloway Moss w/ Scotland
  • Big win for H8
  • H8 wanted to marry Edward and Mary w/ the Treaty of Greenwich (Bringing MQS to England)
  • However, Scottish Parliament refused to ratify this in 1543
• Conciliar (Factionalism) 1540-1547:

  • 1544 H8 captured Boulogne in France
  • However, in 1545 at the Battle of Ancrum Moor the English were defeated
  • The French tried to sent troops to Scotland & the Isle of Wight to invade
  • H8's flagship, the Mary Rose sank, showing significant English losses
  • Although, in 1546 England was forced into peace
  • H8 had no more funds from extra revenues, and was forced to sell Crown Estates to try to regain finances
  • He also debased the coinage as a result, leaving England with 200% inflation when he died- BIG failure!