Medicine through time

• Who are two key individuals in the medieval period?


  Galen and Hippocrates
• What were the four humours?

  Yellow bile, black bile, blood & phlegm
• What was 'Miasma Theory'?

  The theory that bad air caused disease
• What were humoural treatments?


  Bloodletting and purging
• What was the 'Theory of Opposites'?


  The idea that to be healthy your humours had to be balanced
• What did people think caused disease in the medieval period?


  God, miasma, humours and astrology
• How long did physicians go to university for?

  7-10 years
• Who could afford physicians?

  Only the wealthy elite
• What was the name for the list of rules on how to stay healthy in the medieval period?

  Regimen Sanitatis
• Who were the most experienced, practical medical professional in the medieval period?

  Barber surgeons
• Which medical professional could everyone access?

  Wise women
• What did apothecaries offer?


  Herbal remedies and poison
• How many hospitals were there by 1500?

  1100
• What did hospitals offer in the medieval period?


  Care not cure', mainly to pilgrims and travellers, run by nuns ad monks who provided food, warmth and prayers

  rarely admitted the sick incase they spread infection
• When did the Black Death arrive in England?

  1348
• What were the main beliefs about the causes of the Black Death?


  God's punishment, miasma, astrology
• How did people try to treat the Black Death?

  Praying, fasting , lancing buboes, holy charms, cold food and baths
• Why was government intervention (quarantine laws) not effective in the medieval period?


  The Church was too powerful so people still wanted to attend, meaning the disease continued to spread
• How did people try to prevent the Black Death?

  Flagellation, praying, offering to god, evacuating, herbs, pilgrimages to pray for forgiveness, ringing bells to keep air moving
• How did people try to treat disease in the Renaissance?

  Continuity from the medieval; humoural and religious treatments
• What was a new treatment in the Renaissance?


  Transference, remedies from the New World, chemical cures
• How did hospitals change in the Renaissance?

  People could now go to pest houses to treat infectious diseases such as the plague
• When did the Great Plague arrive in London?

  1665
• How many people died of the Great Plague in London?

  100,000
• What were the main beliefs about the causes of the Great Plague?

  Continuity from the medieval; God and miasma
• What did the government do to stop the spread of the Great Plague?


  Banned public meetings, quarantine laws, cleaning streets, employing searchers and watchers to check who has the plague and paint the red cross, killed 40,000 dogs and 200,000 cats
• Who were the three main individuals in the Renaissance?

  William Harvey, Andreas Vesalius, Thomas Sydenham
• What was the name of Vesalius' book on anatomy?

  On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543)
• Which two diseases did Sydenham find the difference between?

  Measles and scarlet fever
• When was the printing press invented?

  1440 (biggest impact in the Renaissance)
• When was the Royal Society formed?

  1660
• What was the name of the Royal Society's journal?

  Philosophical Transactions
• Which King endorsed the Royal Society?

  Charles II
• What did William Harvey discover?

  The blood was pumped around the body by the heart, not the liver as Galen had suggested (1628)
• How many mistakes did Vesalius find in Galen's work?

  300
• What could the first microscope see?

  Animalcules
• How many hospitals were left by 1700 because of the dissolution of the monasteries?

  5
• Did people still believe that God caused disease in the Industrial period?

  No, people now looked for scientific explanations
• Did people still believe that the four humours caused disease in the Industrial period?

  No
• What theory was developed in the early 18th century about the cause of disease?

  Spontaneous generation