FINAL REVIEW Q'S

• When you tell your friends a story about what you did to study for the exam you are using _________________ memory?

  episodic
• We said in class that attention has several functions.  Which function below is NOT a function of attention? (ANS: 1)

  1. short term memory
  2. spotlighting
  3. filtering
  4. resourcing (providing resources like energy)
• Your friend asks you help them find their dog at a large local dog park that is just packed with dogs!  Turns out that their dog is black and about 70% of all the other dogs at the park are black.  Fortunately - they are wearing a tie dye collar and they have pointed ears  which are a less common features.  What type of attentional searching process do you need to use?

  conjunctive
• Which term below does NOT describe a non-declarative memory process? (ANS: 4)

  1. Priming process memory
  2. Reinforcement learning memory
  3. Skilled memory
  4. Episodic memory
• During REM sleep the cortical brain activity is __________________ indictive of ______________information processing

  desychronized; high
• Concordance rats between identical twins for schizophrenia suggest there is a genetic basis for schizophrenia.  That rate is approximately...

  50%
• Where is Hebb's engram located in the nervous system?

  the synapse
• When studying for a college test, you are trying to expand your ______________ memory.

  semantic
• The dopamine theory is largely:

  not to underlie the etiology (cause) of schizophrenia.
• Which structure below is NOT necessary for declarative memory: (ANS: 1)

  1. cerabellar
  2. parahippocampul
  3. hippocampus
  4. entorhinal
• What is the mechanism of action of atypical antipsychotics?  (what receptor do they work on mostly)

  Serotonin receptors
• What subcortical strucuture is important at helping attentional processes direct your gaze during overt attention?

  superior colliculus
• Declarative semantic memory seems to store really long long term memories where in the brain?

  distributed throughout the cortex
• What brain structure seems to be responsible for initiating and maintaining sleep paralysis during REM sleep?

  Sub-coerulius
• What type of environmental event may be critical for the expression of schizophrenia?

  any sever stressor during critical periods of development of the pre-frontal cortex.
• You hear your name stated out loud at a party and you immediately look toward the sound to see who said it.  What type of attention would we call this?

  reflective
• Which neurotransmitter system is likely decreased in the hypofrontality theory of schizophrenia?

  glutamate
• An analysis of the neural structures disrupted during Korskoff's syndrome support a role for which sub-cortical nucleus listed below in memory?

  mammillary bodies
• Sleep functions in what type of bodily rhythm?

  ultradian
• Lucid dreaming differs from REM- related dreaming in what way(s) listed below? (ANS: 2)

  1. the presence of rapid eye movements
  2. two answers are correct
  3. areas of the cortex that show desychronization
  4. all other answers are correct
  5. conscious awareness, at least in part, of your dream
• What was the nature of the research that finally showed the importance of both the temporal lobe areas, like the entorhinal cortex, AND the hippocampus in forming long term memories?

  experimental research in non-human primates
• What area of the brain seems to be involved in executive functions like decision making?

  dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
• What area of the frontal lobe - described below - would include the motor cortex? (ANS: 3)

  1. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  2. orbitomedial prefrontal cortex
  3. posterior frontal cortex
  4. anterior frontal cortex
• What brain system is active when you are daydreaming or "thinking" to yourself and less active when you are doing something (behaving)?

  default brain network
• Which stage of sleep is characterized as a stage of sleep in which there is reduced respiratory rate, reduced heart rate, the greatly or greatest reduced sensory thresholds, and smooth eye muscle movement. 

  SWS (slow wave sleep) stage
• The positive symptoms of schizophrenia seem to be due to a dysregulation of what neurotransmitter system in the brain?

  dopamine
• There seems to be two forms of declarative memory, autobiographic (aka episodic) and _________________.

  semantic
• Saccades are small movements of the eyeball that happen very fast (we do not notice them) and very frequently.  They seem to serve which function below? (ANS: 2)

  1. allow visual information to activate both on/off neurons and off/on neurons
  2. avoid adaptation in visual information
  3. stabilize visual information during head movements
  4. facilitate depth perception
• The supplemental motor cortex is important for planning and initiating which type of movements? (ANS: 3)

  1. Movements in response to external stimuli - that is, stimuli like sounds, sights, touch, taste, smell....
  2. Reflexive movements
  3. Movements in response to internal stimuli - that is, stimuli that arise from internal sensory information or brain activities like 'thinking'.
  4. All of the answers above are correct
• Your friend Angelica wants to know how sensitive to touch 'we' (i.e., people) are.  Which answer below provides the best answer to her question under the 'best' unbiased condition.

  The vibration produced by a bee's wing 1/2 an inch away from your face.
• What type of energy do we used to code for sensation?

  action potential
• What structure houses the sensory receptors for hearing?

  cochlea
• What is the difference between a sensory receptor and a neurotransmitter receptor:

  one is a cell and one is a molecule (~ a protein).
• The conversion of physical energy into neural energy (e.g., pressure into touch) is known as the process of:

  transduction
• In sensory systems, the area of the sensory organ (e.g., skin or cochlea) to which the sensory neuron responds is called:

  the receptive field
• Higher order neurons (e.g., tertiary sensory neurons in the cortex) in a sensory system tend to have __________ receptive fields.

  larger
• The primary visual cortex is located in the ______________ and the primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ________________.

  occipital; parietal
• Saccades are small movements of the eyeball that happen very fast (we do not notice them) and very frequently.  They seem to serve which function below?

  avoid adaptation in visual information
• Sensory information traveling in primary afferent neurons initially code by some feature or quality  of the physical energy (e.g., different neurons in the retina code for circles, color, movement ).  Higher order sensory neurons like tertiary sensory neurons or beyond, code for multiple features at a time (e.g., a single neuron codes for a complex form). Which process below is thought to underlie the "reconstruction" of the whole sensory experience (i.e., all the features put back to gether)?

  convergence
• A reflex is: (ANS: 2)

  1. in its simplest form, it uses primary afferent neuron information to direct motor neurons
  2. all of the answers are correct
  3. movement that requires at least 2 neurons
  4. the simplest form of movement