Q1 science test

• Earth's layers


  • Crust
  • Mantle
  • Inner core
  • Outer core

  
• Lithosphere


  Composed of the crust and upper mantle, in constant but very slow motion

  
• Plate Tectonics Theory


  The entire lithosphere of the Earth is broken into numerous segments called Plates, continuously moving

  
• Major Plates


  • Pacific Plate
  • North American Plate
  • South American Plate
  • Eurasian Plate
  • African Plate
  • Antarctic Plate
  • Indo-Australian Plate
• Minor Plates


  • Philippine Plate
  • Nazca Plate
  • Scotia Plate
  • Cocos Plate
  • Caribbean Plate
  • Arabian Plate
  • Anatolian Plate
• Continental crust


  Thicker but less dense

  
• Oceanic crust


  Thinner but denser

  
• Epicenter


  Location on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
• Focus


  Exact site of the origin of an earthquake below the epicenter
• Seismic waves


  • Primary (P-waves)
  • Secondary (S-waves)
  • Long Surface Waves (L-waves)
• 1. waves and S-waves travel into the Earth's interior while L-waves travel on the surface

  
• The farther the recording instrument is from the focus, the greater the difference in arrival times of the first P-wave compared to the first S-wave
• The difference in the arrival time will tell us the distance of the earthquake's focus from the seismic recording station, but not the direction
• Triangulation Method


  Use distance information from three seismic stations to locate the earthquake's epicenter
• Pacific Ring of Fire

  A long chain of volcanoes and other tectonically active structures that surround the Pacific Ocean, one of the most geologically active areas on Earth
• The Philippines is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire
• Disaster & Emergency Preparedness


  • Make a plan
  • Build a kit
  • Be informed
• Plate Boundaries


  The lines at the edges of the different pieces of lithosphere

  
• Convergent Plate Boundary


  Two plates move toward each other, also known as "destructive boundary"
• Types of Convergent Plate Boundary


  • Continental-Oceanic Convergence
  • Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence
  • Continental-Continental Convergence

  
• Continental-Oceanic Convergence


  • Oceanic crust bends down into the mantle through Subduction, leading edge melts forming a continental volcanic arc parallel to the trench

  
• Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence


  • Older oceanic plate subducts, leading edge melts forming a volcanic island arc parallel to the trench

  
• Continental-Continental Convergence


  • Two continental plates collide and buckle up forming mountain ranges, no subduction or trench formation

  
• Many parts of the Philippines originated from oceanic-oceanic convergence
• About 40-50 million years ago, India and Eurasia collided to begin the formation of Himalayas
• Divergent Plate Boundary


  Plates separate and move apart in opposite directions, also known as "constructive boundary"
• Divergent Plate Boundary


  • Molten rocks (magma) rise from the Earth's mantle to the surface, solidifying to create new oceanic crust or seafloor

  
• The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the longest mountain chain on Earth, running along the Atlantic Ocean floor
• The Red Sea contains some of the world's hottest and saltiest seawater, connected to the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal
• Transform Fault Boundary


  Plates slide past or slip past each other, creating a crack or undersea canyon/linear fault valley
• The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that forms the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate

  
• Hot Spot


  Concentration of heat in the mantle capable of creating magma
• As the Pacific Plate moves, different parts of it will be on top of the mantle plume, creating a trail of volcanic islands and seamounts across the Pacific Ocean floor

  
• Convection Current


  Heat-transfer process that involves the movement of energy from one place to another, causing hot fluid to rise and less hot fluid to sink
• Convection currents happen in the mantle, due to the heat generated by the core from the decay of radioactive elements
• Volcano growth and death


  1. Repeated over many millions of years

  2. Leaves a long trail of volcanic islands and seamounts across the Pacific Ocean floor
• Convection current


  A heat-transfer process that involves the movement of energy from one place to another
• Convection currents


  • Move a fluid, gas particles, or molten rocks
  • Due to differences in the densities and the temperature of a specific gas or fluid
  • Hot fluid tends to rise as it expands, less hot fluid tends to sink as it contracts
• Convection


  One of the kinds of heat transfer, the other two are radiation and conduction
• Convection current in the mantle


  1. Mantle is the second inner layer of Earth, made up of mostly hot rocks and magma

  2. Heat generated by the core due to the decay or breakdown of radioactive elements