Biology paper 1

    Cards (337)

    • How exercise affects the body
      In order to move during exercise, we have to contract and relax our muscles.
      Muscular contraction requires energy though, which has to be released by cellular respiration.
      Most of the time cells carry out aerobic respiration, which is far more efficient but requires oxygen.
      This means that we have to pump oxygen around the body faster when we exercise.
      As a result we increase both our heart rate and our breathing rate.
    • Which type of respiration is more efficient, aerobic or anaerobic?
      aerobic respiration
    • Which type of respiration requires oxygen, aerobic or anaerobic?
      aerobic respiration
    • Which type of respiration leads to an oxygen debt, aerobic or anaerobic?
      anaerobic respiration
    • Which type of respiration leads to the build up of lactic acid, aerobic or anaerobic?
      anaerobic respiration
    • Which organ in the body removes the lactic acid from the blood.
      liver
    • How do we measure breathing rate?
      we can count how many times their chest rises and falls in a given amount of time.
    • Why does our body need to carry out more cellular respiration when we exercise?
      because exercise requires us to move our muscles much more and any muscle contraction requires a lot of energy which we get from respiration
    • What is bad about using anaerobic respiration during exercise?
      It builds up lactic acid in out muscles
    • Respiration is the release of energy from sugar molecules such as
      glucose
    • Is respiration an exothermic or endothermic reaction?
      Exothermic because it involves the release of energy
    • Which process in plants produces the glucose required for respiration?
      photosynthesis
    • Give examples of how cells use the energy from respiration.
      To combine small molecules to make larger molecules
      To break large molecules into smaller molecules
      For muscle contraction
      To maintain our body temperature
      To move substances around the cell
    • What is metabolism?

      the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
    • What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
      glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
    • What is glucose converted to during anaerobic respiration in animals?
      lactic acid
    • Complete the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi:
      Glucoseethanol + carbon dioxide
    • What are the two reasons animals cells prefer aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration?

      Anaerobic respiration doesn't break down the glucose molecule completely, and so releases less energy than aerobic respiration
      Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid which can damage cells and leads to an oxygen debt
    • What is active transport?

      Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane, from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. This requires energy
    • Is active transport active or passive?
      active
    • Which process provides the energy required for active transport?
      respiration
    • Where do plants absorb mineral ions from?
      soil
    • Where does active transport take place?
      Across the cell membrane through proteins
    • Where does the energy for active transport come from?
      respiration
    • Where does it store energy in active transport?
      ATP
    • What makes up the cardiovascular system?
      heart, blood vessels, blood
    • Which chemical process supplies the majority of the energy required for the contraction of muscle tissue?
      aerobic respiration
    • Steps of coronary heart disease

      1.Coronary arteries branch out of the aorta and supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
      2.In coronary heart disease, layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, causing the lumen to get narrower.
      3.This reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen and nutrients for the heart muscle.
      4.This can cause chest pain as the heart muscle is starved of oxygen, and in severe cases, can cause a heart attack.
    • What is the fatty material that builds up coronary arteries called?
      Fatty plaques
    • Which of the following are treatments for coronary heart disease?
      Stent and stains
    • How does a stent help treat coronary heart disease?
      It expands within the artery to widen the lumen
    • What are the benefits of stents when treating coronary artery disease?

      - surgery is quick

      - the stents can last a long time

      - the stents have an almost immediate effect
    • How do statins help treat coronary heart disease?

      -They decrease the amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood

      -They increase the amount of HDL cholesterol in the blood
    • What are the disadvantages of statins when treating coronary artery disease?

      They have side effects such as kidney failure and headaches
      The pills have to be taken every day
      It can take months to see the positive effects
    • What are two problems that may be caused by faulty heart valves?

      Not enough blood can pass though the valve
      Blood can pass backwards through the valve
    • Which of the following are treatments for heart failure?
      Replacement with biological heart or artificial heart
    • Which type of heart replacement might be rejected by the immune system?
      Biological heart because your body may regent it
    • The three main causes of plant diseases:

      Infection by microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, or viruses.
      Attack by larger organisms, such as insects.
      Lack of essential minerals, such as nitrates, or magnesium ions.
    • What is the primary mode of transmission for tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?
      direct contact with infected plants
    • Why do plants require nitrates?
      make proteins
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