Fire & Hydrothermal

• Fire


  Rapid oxidation of a material in the process of combustion releasing light and heat
• Flashpoint


  Temperature when something starts to burn
• Fire Triangle


  • Simple model used to understand the ingredients of fire
  • Heat - initial ignition
  • Oxygen and Fuel - reacts with each other to generate combustion products
• Extinguishment


  1. Cooling - remove heat

  2. Blanketing - remove oxygen

  3. Starving - remove fuel
• Fire may start due to natural cause or human-made incidents
• Lightning


  • Most common natural cause of fire
  • If it strikes any combustible material, it can set things on fire
  • Might eventually result to forest fire or wildfire
• Volcanic Activities


  • During volcanic activity, it spews hot gases, ash and lava
  • This can cause fire if contact with flammable materials happen
• Spontaneous combustion


  • Happens when a substance unexpectedly create fire without apparent cause
  • Pyrophoric substances ignite spontaneously in air at or below 54˚C or within 5 minutes after getting into contact with air
  • Examples of pyrophoric substances: iron sulfide, plutonium and uranium
• 2020 Australian bushfires
• Kaingin


  • Illegal under Forestry Reform Code of the Philippines of 1975 (PD 705)
  • Punishments: Imprisonment for no less than six months and no more than 1 year and a half, and government charges to the timber destroyed
• Arson


  • The criminal act of deliberately setting fire to property
  • Punishments: Life Imprisonment, 12 years and 1 day up to 20 years of imprisonment, Fines
• Cigarettes


  • 1.1 billion people in the world smokes
  • Smoking causes 7.7 million deaths worldwide
• Electrical malfunctions
• Fire Prevention Month


  • Happens on the month of March
  • The Bureau of Fire Protection lead the program
• Classes of Fire


  • Class A - solid fuel
  • Class B - liquid fuel
  • Class C - electrically charged equipment, 110 volts
  • Class D - combustible metals (magnesium, sodium)
  • Class E - high voltage fire, highly energized
  • Class K- Kitchen fire
• TPASS


  1. T - twist the safety (yellow plastic)

  2. P - pull the pin

  3. A - aim the nozzle

  4. S - squeeze the handle

  5. S - sweep side to side
• Don't aim for the "FIRE" but at the base of the fire
• During a fire emergency


  1. Evacuate

  2. Cover yourselves in wet towel

  3. If burned: Cool the burn under running water for about 10 minutes, Protect burn with a sterile cloth, Bring patient to the doctor
• Degrees of burns


  • 1st degree burn
  • 2nd degree burn
  • 3rd degree burns are too gruesome to show in a class so just search at your own risk
• If trapped in a fire


  1. Never open a closed door without feeling it

  2. Use the back of the hand

  3. Use wet towels or duct tape to seal the small gaps at the door

  4. Try to contact authorities using whatever available

  5. If breathing becomes difficult: ventilate the area by opening windows

  6. Don't panic and hope for the best
• Fuel


  What do you need to remove in order to starve a fire?
• oxygen


  What do you need to sustain combustion in fire?
• Pyrophoric substances


  What do you call to substances that unexpectedly create fire(spontaneous combustion)?
• Hydrometeorological Hazards


  Atmospheric, Hydrological, Oceanographic
• Types of Hydrometeorological Hazards


  • Thunderstorm
  • Flood
  • Storm surge
  • El Niño & La Niña
  • Tropical Cyclones
• Thunderstorm


  • Short-lived
  • Characterized by loud rumbling sounds, streaks of lightning, darkened skies
  • Goes through 3 stages
• Flood


  • Water overflows its natural or artificial banks onto normally dry land
  • Main types: Inland Flooding, Flash Floods, River Flooding, Coastal Flooding, Urban Flooding
• Storm surge


  Irregular sea-level rise during "bagyo" where powerful winds force ocean water over coastal areas
• El Niño


  Periodic warming across the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific
• La Niña


  Periods of below-average sea surface temperatures across the east-central Equatorial Pacific
• Tropical Cyclones


  • Originates over warm tropical oceans
  • Characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain
• How is a weather forecast made?


  • Observation
  • Collection and transmission of weather data
  • Plotting of weather data
  • Analysis of weather maps and satellite imageries
  • Formulation of the forecast
• Weather Map


  Forecaster's main tool, depicts the distribution patterns of atmospheric pressure, wind, temperature and humidity at different levels of the atmosphere