skill aquisition

• difficulty continuum

  simple / complex
• environmental continuum

  open / closed
• pacing continuum

  self-paced / externally paced
• muscular involvement continuum

  gross / fine
• continuity continuum

  discrete / serial / continuous
• organisation continuum

  low / high
• sporting example open skill

  pass in football
• sporting example closed skill

  clean and jerk in weightlifting
• sporting example gross skill

  shot putt
• sporting example fine skill

  spinning a ball
• sporting example externally paced skill

  shotgun in athletics
• sporting example self paced skill

  rock climbing
• sporting example complex skill

  volleyball dig
• sporting example simple skill

  high jump
• sporting example high organisation skill

  sprinting
• sporting example low organisation skill

  bowling in cricket
• sporting example discrete skill

  back somersault
• sporting example serial skills

  triple jump
• sporting example continuous skills

  dribbling in basketball
• 4 types of practice

  part, whole, whole-part-whole, progressive-part
• 4 methods of practice

  massed, distributed, fixed, varied
• what is part practice ?

  skill broken into subroutines, then practice the subroutines separately and then all together
• what is whole practice ?

  skill is learned in its complete form
• what is progressive part practice ?

  subroutines are practiced separately and then combined into larger parts until the whole skill is achieved
• what is whole part whole practice ?

  skill is practiced in its entirety and then the subroutines are practiced separately then the whole skill is practiced again
• what is massed practice ?

  repetitive and continuous
• what is distributed practice ?

  practice in short bursts with regular rest intervals
• what is varied practice?

  takes place in different environments or situations
• what is fixed practice

  the environment or situation doesnt change
• 5 types of transfer

  positive, negative, proactive, retroactive, bilateral
• positive transfer


  where one skill or situation helps the learning and performance of another skill
• negative transfer 


  where one skill or situation hinders the learning and performance of another skill
• proactive transfer 


  where a previously learned skill affects the current learning or performance of another skill
• retroactive transfer 


  where the current learning of a new skill effects the performance of a previously learned skill
• bilateral transfer


  transfer from limb to limb
• sporting example of retroactive transfer 


  the current learning of a tennis serve effects the previously learned throwing action
• sporting example proactive transfer


  the previously learned throwing action can affect a new skill that looks similar such as a volleyball serve
• sporting example positive transfer

  the arm action of throwing a ball helps the action of the racquet arm when serving in tennis
• sporting example of negative transfer 


  the flexed arm in throwing hinders the straight arm required for cricket bowling
• positive reinforcement 


  the presentation of a reward to the performer after the desired response