Chemistry practice

• Condensed formula


  Cu H₁o/H-C-Ċ-Ċ-Ċ-H CH₂ CH, CH, CH₂
• Hydrocarbon nomenclature


  Assigning names to chemical substances
• Alkanes nomenclature


  • Prefix tells how many carbons
  • Suffix (ane) says it's an alkane
• Alkenes nomenclature


  • Suffix (ene) for alkenes
• Alkynes nomenclature


  • Suffix (yne) for alkynes
• Substituent


  Atom or group of atoms that substitutes for a hydrocarbon chain
• Functional group


  Gives atom(s) their properties
• Functional groups


  • -OH (alcohol)
  • -COOH (carboxylic acid)
• Carbon


  • Can bond to itself
  • Can have single, double or triple bonds
• Alcohols


  • Polar, slightly soluble
  • Longer alcohols have higher boiling points
• Ethers


  Polar but H-bonding is weak
• Alkyl halides


  Hydrocarbon chain with halogen substituent
• Aldehydes and ketones


  • Polar C=O bond, but no H
  • Soluble in water
  • Oxidation produces carboxylic acid
  • Reduction produces primary alcohol
• Carboxylic acids


  • Polar and can form hydrogen bonds
  • High boiling points
• Esters


  • Good smelling
  • Responsible for many fruity odors and flavors
• Ester formation


  Organic acid + alcohol
• Substitution


  One atom is replaced by another
• Addition


  Halogen added to a chain
• Molecular Structural Formula


  A way of representing the structure of a molecule using chemical symbols and formulas, showing the arrangement of atoms and bonds in the molecule.