Conversions

• Alkene → Alkane


  H₂, Ni catalyst, 150°C
• Alkene → Dihaloalkane


  Halogen, RTP
• Alcohol → Alkene


  Acid/H₂SO₄/H₃PO₄ catalyst, heat
• Alkene → Alcohol


  Steam, Acid/H₂SO₄/H₃PO₄ catalyst, >100°C
• Alkene → Haloalkane


  Hydrogen halide, RTP
• Alkane → Haloalkane


  Halogen, UV
• Haloalkane → Primary Amine


  Excess ammonia in ethanol, heat
• Nitrile → Amine


  H₂, Ni/Pt catalyst, heat
• Haloalkane → Nitrile


  NaCN or KCN in ethanol, reflux
• Nitrile → Carboxylic Acid


  Dilute HCl, reflux
• Carboxylic acid → Acyl chloride


  SOCl₂
• Acyl Chloride → Carboxylic acid

  H₂O
• Acyl Chloride → Primary Amide


  NH₃
• Acyl Chloride → Secondary Amide

  Primary amine
• Acyl chloride → Ester

  Alcohol
• Carboxylic acid → Ester


  Alcohol, concentrated H₂SO₄, heat
• Ester → Carboxylic acid


  Dilute acid, reflux
• Ester → Carboxylate salt


  Dilute alkali, reflux
• Primary alcohol → Aldehyde


  Cr₂O₇²⁻,H₂SO₄, distillation
• Aldehyde → Primary alcohol


  NaBH₄, water, heat
• Alcohol → Ester


  Carboxylic acid, concentrated H₄SO₄ catalyst, heat OR Acyl chloride OR Acid anhydride
• Primary alcohol → Carboxylic acid


  Cr₂O₇²⁻,H₂SO₄, reflux
• Aldehyde/Ketone → Hydroxynitrile


  NaCN, H₂SO₄
• Alcohol → Haloalkane


  Sodium halide, H₂SO₄
• Haloalkane → Alcohol


  Reflux with aq NaOH/KOH
• Hydroxynitrile → Hydroxyamine


  H₂ and Ni/Pt catalyst, heat
• Benzene → Halobenzene


  Halogen, AlX₃ or FeX₃
• Benzene → Nitrobenzene


  Concentrated HNO₃ and Concentrated H₂SO₄, 50-55°C
• Benzene → Phenylketone


  Acyl chloride, AlCl₃ catalyst, reflux
• Benzene → Alkyl benzene


  Haloalkane, AlX₃ catalyst, reflux
• Nitrobenzene → Phenylamine


  Sn and conc HCl, reflux
• Phenol → 2-Nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol

  Dilute HNO₃