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• Vaccine


  Biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease
• Edward Jenner (1796)


  • Discovered vaccines by observing the milkmaids who contracted cowpox don't acquire smallpox
• Prophylactic or preventive


  Vaccine is taken before catching the disease, therefore it is a preventive measure
• Antibodies


  Substance produced by body to fight diseases
• Antigens


  Foreign substances that triggers an immune response
• Pathogens


  A microorganism that causes, or can cause, disease
• Memory B Cell


  Cell that remembers/records the virus/bacteria they fought and lives in the body for a long time
• Subunit/Conjugated


  • Injecting portions of bacterial structure; Usually proteins or lipids
• Attenuated


  • Uses bacteria/viruses that have been weakened or altered growth conditions
  • Prevent replication after introduced to recipient
• Inactivated / killed


  • Killing the pathogen
• DNA / MRNA based vaccine


  • Uses constructed plasmid as DNA vaccine
• Boosters


  Restimulates the immune system since immunity from inactivated vaccinations fade from time
• What makes a good vector? (Hint: SOMSrd)


  • Size
  • Origin of replication
  • Multiple Cloning Sites
  • Selectable marker genes
  • RNA polymerase promoter sequences
  • DNA sequencing primer sequence
• Origin of replication


  Site for DNA replication that allows plasmids to replicate separately from the host cell's chromosome
• Multiple Cloning Sites


  A segment of DNA with recognition sites for different common restriction enzymes
• Selectable Marker Genes


  These genes allow for the selection and identification of bacteria that have been transformed with a recombinant plasmid
• RNA Polymerase Promoter Sequence


  These sequences allow bacterial cells to make RNA from cloned genes, which in turn leads to protein synthesis
• DNA Sequencing Primer Sequence


  Sequence permit nucleotide sequencing of cloned DNA fragments that have been inserted into the plasmid
• Bacteriophage


  A virus that infects bacteria
• Expression Vectors


  Allows for high-level synthesis (expression) of eukaryotic proteins
• Ti Vector


  Commonly used in plant recombination
• DNA fingerprinting


  • A method used to identify an individual from a small amount of sample
  • Analysis of DNA patterns to identify specific individuals
• Alec Jeffreys (1985)


  • Guy who invented DNA fingerprinting
• Exons


  Sequence in a nucleic acid that codes for protein synthesis and is copied and spliced together with other sequences to form mRNA
• Introns


  Sequence in the nucleic acid that does NOT code info for protein synthesis and removed before translation
• Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs)


  Every person has VNTRs that were inherited from the mother or father, part of the INTRONS
• Steps of DNA Fingerprinting Code

  1. CEC

  2. PES

  3. HAA
• CEC


  • 1. Collection of Specimen
  • 2. Extraction of DNA
  • 3. Cutting the DNA into fragments
• PES

  • 1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
  • 2. Electrophoresis
  • 3. Southern Blotting
• HAA

  • 1. Hybridization / Probing
  • 2. Autoradiography
  • 3. Analyzation
• Extraction of DNA chemically


  Using detergents
• Extraction of DNA mechanically


  Using pressure to force the DNA out of a cell
• Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLPs)


  Varies from one person to another; restriction enzymes recognize and cut the DNA of a person
• Polymerase Chain Reaction


  Amplify the small amounts of DNA from the crime scene
• Steps of Polymerase Chain Reaction (IDEA)

  1. Initialization

  2. Denaturation

  3. Annealing

  4. Elongation
• Initialization


  Removes contaminants, release DNA material from cell
• Denaturation


  Remove hydrogen bond
• Annealing


  Addition of primers
• Elongation


  DNA polymerase work in 5' - 3' direction (TAQ polymerase)
• Agarose Gel Electrophoresis


  Separate the DNA fragments according to size