immunology

• penicillin shape 


  (D)-Ala-(D)-Ala (half open book shape)
• penicillin mechanism of action 


  inhibits glycopeptide transpeptidase
• mechanism of action of cephalosporin 


  inhibition of glycopeptide transpeptidase
• pencillins have 


  beta lactam ring, 5-membered ring with sulphur
• cephalosporin


  beta-lactam ring, sulphur containing 6-membered ring
• resistance against beta-lactams


  gram-negative bacteria can express beta-lactamases, protects against beta-lactam antibiotics
• effect of beta-lactamases on penicillins and cephalosporins


  hydrolysis of beta-lactam bonds, inactive beta-lactams, opened beta-lactam ring, half open book shape lost
• tandem drug 


  treatment of infections by bacteria resistant to penicillins
• Amoxycillin (penicillin)


  inhibits glycopeptide transpeptidase
• clavulanic acid 


  inhibits beta-lactamases