Physics End of year

• Atomic Number


  The number of protons in an atom
• Isotope


  Atom with same number of protons, different number of neutrons
• Ion


  A charged atom
• Neutron


  Particle found in nucleus of atoms with mass of 1 and charge of 0
• Proton


  Particle found in nucleus of atoms with mass of 1 and charge of +1
• Nucleus


  Centre of atom containing neutrons and protons. Has a positive charge and all mass of atom is contained here
• Positive ion


  An atom that has lost one or more electrons to become positively charged
• Negative ion


  An atom that has gained one or more electrons to become negatively charged
• Electron


  Particle orbiting nucleus of atoms. Has a mass of 0 and charge of -1
• Plum Pudding


  JJ Thompson's model of atom. A sphere of positive charge with negative electrons spread throughout like plums in a plum pudding
• Nuclear Model


  Model of atom that includes a positively charged nucleus
• Static Electricity


  Build up of charge that cannot flow
• Insulator


  Will not allow charge to flow through it
• Conductor


  Allows charge to flow through it
• Thermal energy


  Anything that is hot has thermal energy
• Kinetic energy


  Energy store of moving things
• Gravitational potential energy


  Energy store of things raised above the ground
• Elastic potential energy

  Energy store in stretched or compressed objects
• Chemical energy


  Energy stored in chemicals
• Magnetic energy


  Energy store due to magnetic fields
• Electrostatic energy


  Energy store due to charged particles
• Nuclear energy


  Energy stored in nucleus of atoms
• Mechanical transfer


  Energy is transferred this way when a force does work
• Electrical transfer


  Energy is transferred this way when charge moves
• Heating via particles


  Energy is transferred via conduction or convection
• Heating via waves

  Energy is transferred via waves
• Work done


  Energy transferred
• Equation for kinetic energy


  Ek = ½ mv2
• Equation for gravitational potential energy


  Ep = mgh
• Equation for elastic energy

  Ee = ½ ke2
• Energy transfers when an object is dropped

  Energy lost from GPE store = energy gained by kinetic store
• Efficiency


  Ratio of useful output energy to total input energy
• Equation for efficiency


  Efficiency = ((useful output energy))/(total input energy)
• Conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred between stores
• Current


  The rate of flow of charge. Measured in amps (A)
• Potential difference


  The energy transferred per unit charge. Measured in volts (V)
• Equation for current


  Charge = current x time, Q = It
• Equation for potential difference

  P.d. = (energy transferred)/ch