Individual + group

• intro to sociocultural?

  Humans are social beings where we live in groups and influence others through culture and social norms.

  
  

  Looks at how people behave, think and feel in groups
• 3 topics in the individual and the group


  1) Social Identity theory - Tajfel 1970 CICD

  -> Shared identity within a group.

  Social categorisation (in/out groups).

  Social identification, identify within or out group.

  Social comparison, favours their own group over others.

  Positive distinctiveness, motivation to be better.

  e.g., ruler.

  
  

  2) Social cognitive theory - Bandura 1961 ARRM

  -> Behaviour learnt through observations from a RM.

  Attention.

  Retention, remember what the model did.

  Reproduce, skills to imitate behaviour.

  Motivation, see rewards.

  
  

  3) Stereotypes - Tajfel 1970

  -> Oversimplified, fixed perception of people, are not always negative but can lead to discrimination against groups.
• Tajfel 1970?


  Aim - Investigate discrimination between groups.

  Behaviour - Discrimination.

  
  

  Procedure - 48 school boys (14-15yo), randomly allocated to Klee or Kandinsky groups after shown 6 slides of unlabelled artwork where they voted which was best then randomly told what group they belong in.

  
  

  Asked to give points, where they could give:

  1. Joint profit 13/13- which gives the largest reward to both groups.

  2. Largest reward to in group 19/25 - largest reward for in group and large reward for out-group just not as big.

  3. Maximum difference 7/1 - largest difference in reward although they also receive small points.

  
  

  Findings - boys chose the maximum difference due to concern of needing a large difference between groups. Also chose not to give maximum points due to it meaning that the other group gets a high number of points.

  
  

  Conclusions - Discrimination occurred in social groups, causing in and out-group discrimination leading to bias.
• Bandura 1961?

  Aim - Investigate if aggression can be learned through observation.

  Behaviour - aggression.

  
  

  Procedure - 36 boys + 36 girls all from the same nursery, were tested for everyday aggression in order to match children with similar levels to each other (matched-pairs design).

  Led into a room to play with toys for 10 mins while being observed.

  
  

  Group 1 - 24 children (12 each), watched RM act aggressively (physically and verbally) towards Bobo doll.

  Group 2 - 24 (12 each), watched a non-aggressive RM play.

  Group 3 - 24 (12 each), was a control group where no RM was present.

  
  

  All lead into another room to be primed for aggression, as they played with toys for 2 mins then were told that those toys were the best and that they cant play with them. Causing anger.

  
  

  Then lead into a room to play with toys where they were observed and scored.

  
  

  Findings - More male children were physically aggressive if they had a male RM as boys were more likely to imitate same sex models. However in group 1, girls were more likely to imitate male RMs.

  Children seemed to understand the behaviour and act aggressively from things which they have seen elsewhere (e.g., gun play).

  
  

  Conclusion - Social learning takes place in RM observations.