RNA and Transcription and translation

• What are the similarities of DNA and RNA?


  Both have phosphodiester bonds, have A(adenine),C(cytosine), G(guanine)bases, are made from nucleotides and have pentose sugars and phosphate groups.
• What are the differences of RNA and DNA?


  RNA is single stranded and DNA is a double helix.

  RNA has ribose sugar and DNA has a deoxyribose sugar.

  RNA is shorter than DNA.

  DNA has the T(thymine) base and RNA has the U(uracil) base.
• What is a genome?


  The complete set of genes in a cell, including mitochondrial DNA and/or chloroplast DNA.
• What is a Proteome?

  The full range of proteins produced by the genome.
• What is a Codon?

  3 bases that code for a single amino acid. (mRNA)
• What are the 2 types of RNA?

  mRNA and tRNA
• What are the features of mRNA?

  Small enough to leave the nucleus

  In ribosomes mRNA acts as a template for protein synthesis
• What are the features of tRNA?


  It is a small molecule made up of 80 nucleotides and it has a single stranded chain folded into a clover leaf shape.
• The process of Transcription is:

  1. Hydrogen bonds(between DNA bases) break,
  2. (only)one DNA strand acts as a template,
  3. (free) RNA nucleotides align by complementary base pairing,
  4. (In RNA) uracil base pairs with adenine (on DNA) or Uracil is used in the place of Thymine,
  5. RNA polymerase joins(adjacent RNA) nucleotides,
  6. (by) phosphodiester bonds (between adjacent nucleotides),
  7. Pre-mRNA is spliced (to form mRNA) or Introns are removed (to form mRNA)
• The process of Translation is:

  1. (mRNA attaches)to ribosomes or to RER,
  2. (tRNA) anticodons (bind to) complementary (mRNA) codons,
  3. tRNA brings a specific amino acid,
  4. Amino acids join by peptide bonds,
  5. (Amino acids join together) with the use of ATP
  6. tRNA released (after amino acid joined to polypeptide),
  7. The ribosome moves along the mRNA to form the polypeptide.