Key terms

• addition


  child adds something completely new into pronunciation e.g. cat-o
• constant cluster reduction 


  child removes some constant sounds from the word. Ra-it instead of rabbit
• diminutisation 


  occurs when child adds 'y' onto word = doggy
• deletion 


  the child removes a sound from the word altogether -ca- instead of cat
• substitution 


  the child substitues an easier phoneme in place of a harder on logurt instead of yogurt
• assimilation 


  the child uses a sound from earlier or later in word as its easier to say llellow instead of yellow
• operant conditioning 


  the idea either a positive or negative response given by a caregiver can influence the way in which a child talks in future occasions
• positive reinforcement 


  the positive feedback given to a child which is thought to encourage similar performance again
• neagtive reinforcement 


  the lack of feedback, correct on negative feedback that might prevent a child from making the same error repeatedly
• categorical 


  the child applies a label to everything in that category - 'dog' for all animals, 'mum' feral women
• analogical 


  the child applies a label to everything that is usually similar - all round objects become a ball, all hot things become fire
• relational 


  the child applies a label to all items that are related 'pen' for paper 'fork' for knife + spoon
• labelling 


  providing a label for things
• over-articulation 


  elongating vowel sounds 'fooood'
• expansion 


  repeating what the child says, but adding more information
• echoing 


  repeating what they said back to the child
• reformulation


  repeating what the child says but in a different way
• analogical overextension


  when a child tries to make links between different objects according to similar properties or use e.g. all spherical objects are a ball
• categorical overextension 


  when a child refers to all objects within the same category with the same name e.g. all clothes are called dress
• hyponyms


  a word whose meaning is included in that or another word e.g. (blackberries, banana, kiwi) all fruit
• hypernym 


  more generic term that can encompass a range of more specific words e.g. fruit
• expansion


  where the caregiver might repeat a childs utterance given by the child
• recast 


  where the caregiver might repeat a childs utterance but correct it
• labelling


  providing a label for things
• over - articulation 


  elongating/stressing vowel sounds e.g. baby fooood
• echoing 


  repeating back to the child what they have said
• reformulation


  repeating what the child says but in a differently way
• maxim of quantity 


  provide enough information
• maxim of quality 


  truthful
• maxim of relevance 


  stay on topic
• maxim of manner 


  be clear
• anything that differs from the conversational maxims is sarcasm, irony or deception