Theorist

• Skinner 


  behaviourism (nurture)
• Skinner - Behaviourism (nurture)


  positive + negative reinforcements help child to learn language
• Bruner 


  Interactionalism (nature + nurture)
• Bruner - Interactionalism (nature + nurture)

  • children are born with nothing (tabula rasa)
  • they learn language from social environments
  • lass (language acquisition support system) this is the scaffolding to teach child language
  • this is aka child directed speech
• Berko + Brown 


  nurture
• Berko + Brown (nurture)


  children notice when caregivers make mistakes but are unable to see that they themselves making a mistake
• Chompsky 


  Nativism (nature)
• Chompsky - Nativism (nature)

  • there is a built in device to use to learn language in the brain (LAD)
  • children don't learn through imitation + caregivers don not provide good enough stimulus = poverty of stimulus
  • helps them to learn universal grammar
• Lenneberg 


  there is a critical period for learning language after this point it is very difficult to learn
• CDS features

  • higher melodic pitch
  • more frequent + longer pauses
  • slower and clearer speech
  • repetition
  • grammatically simpler sentences
  • more questions
• Pinker 


  nature
• Pinker (nature) 


  when a child produces an utterances, almost every single utterance is new, therefore they cannot be imitating
• Berko - Gleason 


  Wug test (nature)
• Berko + Gleason - Wug test (nature)


  children are able to add bound morpheme (s) to 'wugs' that don't exist

  = children can learn grammar in language
• Myszor


  CDS helps social development but not linguistic development
• Genie 


  Nature
• Genie (nature) 


  Child who was abused and deprived of human contact until the age of 13 had passed the critical period + couldn't learn language

  • suggest there must be an internal stucture required from caregiver s
• Bards + Sachs 


  Jim is a boy who had deaf parent

  • they exposed him to the radio and the tv and he was still unable to learn language
  • show that providing interactions is important
• Snow 


  Motherese
• Snow - Motherese 


  caregivers/mothers talk too children in a certain ways

  • higher pitch
  • greater range of intonation
  • frequent use of interrogative + declarative mood
  • repetition of syllable + phrases
• Piaget 


  cognitivism (nature + nurture)
• Piaget - cognitivism (nature + nurture) 


  • children need to be cognitively adapt to talk about things ; they cannot express what they do not understand
  • children need to learn the rule of object permanence = things still exist when you cannot see them
• Vygotsky 


  nature + nurture
• Vygotsky (nature + nurture)

  • children have cognitive deficiency - they need to understand things + have a gap of knowledge
  • (ZPD) zone of proximal development
  • caregiver = more knowledgeable other (MKO)
  • MKO to fill the cognitive gap
• Halliday's Taxonomy

  • instrumental
  • regulatory
  • interactional
  • personal
  • heuristic
  • representational
  • imaginative
• Instrumental 


  language used to communicate a need
• Regulatory


  Language is used to communicate directions
• Interactional 


  language is used to create relationships and communicate with others
• Personal 


  Language is used to communicate individual information such as feelings, identity and opinions
• Heuristic 


  language is used to learn about our surroundings
• Imaginative 


  language is used to make - believe, tell stories and tell jokes
• representational 


  Language to provide information and facts
• 0-6 weeks 


  Instinctive biological noises = baby's do this out of instinct rather control = crying
• 7 weeks - 6 months 


  cooing and vocal play = doesn't mean anything
• 6 - 9 months 


  Babbling = reduplicate sounds (dada, mama, baba)
• 9 months onwards 


  melodic utterances - child starts to use intonation child experiments rhythm and tone

  Protowords - child starts assigning sounds to objects e.g. pap = dog

  The first word - the child finally produces their first fully formed e.g. (dog, mom)
• 18 - 24 months 


  The two word stage - verbs begin to emerge and are used with nouns to create accurate (doggy bark)
• 12 - 18 months 


  Holographic stage - holophrases are singe words and usually noun
• 24 months - 5 years 


  the telegraphic stage - child can communicate effectively
• Final stage 5+ years 


  post telegraphic - a child should new used advanced