GENBIO

• Reproductive system


  Ensures survival of the species
• Other systems (endocrine, urinary)

  Work to maintain homeostasis for survival of the individual
• Asexual reproduction


  Mode of reproduction that does not involve the use of gametes or sex cells
• Sexual reproduction


  Mode of reproduction that involves the use of gametes or sex cells
• Types of asexual reproduction

  • Fission
  • Fragmentation
  • Budding
  • Sporulation
• Bisexual reproduction


  Union of gametes from two genetically different parents
• Hermaphrodite


  Individual with both male and female reproductive tissues

  
• Development


  Formation of sex cells, zygote formation, subsequent stages in one's life span. Development is terminated by death.
• Growth


  Stage of development characterized by an increase in size of an individual
• Gametogenesis


  Stage of development that yields haploid gametes
• Haploid (n)


  Cell has only half the chromosome number or only one set of chromosomes
• Diploid (2n)


  Cell has the full chromosome number or two sets of chromosomes
• Fertilization


  Sperm (haploid) and oocyte (haploid) combine and their nuclei fuse forming one diploid cell
• Zygote


  Single cell; contains all genetic material needed to form a human
• Zygote occurs in the fallopian tube within 12 to 24 hours after ovulation period
• Oocyte will only be viable for 24 hours in the uterine tube
• Sperm in the uterine tube undergo capacitation or priming
• Upon fertilization, the zona pellucida becomes impermeable to prevent Polyspermy
• Implantation


  The blastocyst implants itself in the endometrium; this signals the start of Pregnancy

  
• Cleavage


  Stage of development involving a series of mitotic divisions to produce a multicellular blastula from a unicellular zygote
• Morula


  A human blastula made up of a solid ball of 16 cells
• Blastocyst


  A human blastula composed of the inner cell mass, which becomes the embryo, and the trophoectoderm, which becomes the placenta

  
• Gestation


  Carrying of the embryo inside the female reproductive tract, specifically the uterus; can last up to 9 months in humans

  
• Gastrulation


  Stage of development involving morphogenetic movements of the cells to produce a gastrula with distinct germ cell layers; in vertebrates, this will result in three layers: the outermost ectoderm; the inner endoderm, and the middle layer, the mesoderm
• Organogenesis


  Stage of development where the different germ layers differentiate into specific organ systems
• Human embryo


  The first two months of gestation
• Human fetus


  The months 3-9 of human gestation
• Monozygotic twins


  Identical twins; result from the union of a sperm and egg to form a single zygote that splits up during the first cleavage stage
• Dizygotic twins


  Fraternal twins; results from the development of two or more separate fertilization events where the resulting zygotes develop almost Simultaneously
• Parts of the male reproductive system

  • Testis
  • Epididymis
  • Scrotal sac/scrotum
  • Vas deferens
  • Urethra
  • Seminal vesicle
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral glands

  
• Most STIs have no symptoms
• A person can have an STI and not know it
• Types of sexually transmitted diseases

  • Bacterial (Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis)
  • Parasitic (Pubic lice, Trichomoniasis, Scabies)
  • Viral (HPV, Genital Herpes, Hepatitis, HIV/AIDS)
• Gametophyte


  Stage of the life cycle of a plant that is haploid; stage that produces gametes via mitosis; these gametes fuse to form a zygote that develops into a sporophyte
• Sporophyte


  Stage of the life cycle of a plant that is diploid; it is the most recognizable structure in most flowering plants; it produces haploid spores by meiosis in structures called sporangia
• Angiosperm


  Also known as flowering plants; a group of plants that produce reproductive structures called flowers in their sporophyte stages
• The four major whorls of a flower

  • Sepals
  • Petals
  • Stamen
  • Pistil or carpels
• Seed germination


  Transformation of seed to seedling. Seed undergoes imbibition to break dormancy, nutrients stored in the endosperm or cotyledons are digested and transferred to the growing regions of the embryo to primary meristems develop to radicle emerges to plumule breaks through the soil surface
• Epigeal germination


  Occurs when the cotyledon emerges above ground, thereby exposing the hypocotyl of the plumule
• Hypogeal germination


  Occurs when the cotyledon remains below ground, thereby concealing the hypocotyl