AP II Final Exam

• What are the two types of local intercellular communications?


  Direct and paracrine
• Direct communication is done through ____ _______.

  Gap junctions
• Paracrines are a chemical messenger that is released through ________.


  exocytosis
• What are two types of long distance intercellular communication?


  Synaptic and endocrine
• What chemical messengers are used in the endocrine system?

  hormones
• What effects do hormones have on the human body?


  They can stimulate protein synthesis, change the speed of synthesis or alter activity of existing proteins
• A ________ is a chemical substance that has a action of a particular cell type.

  hormone
• To make a target more receptive do you use up or down regulation?

  up-regulation
• When would you use down-regulation on hormones?


  When the target has gotten enough of the hormone.
• What are the three types of chemical classifications of hormones?


  Amino-acid derivative, peptide hormones and lipid derivatives
• Endocrine and exocrine glands are different how?


  Exocrine has ducts and endocrine doesn't
• Sensitivity of a target cell depends on what?

  How many receptors it has
• What are the two examples of amino acid derivatives that make up hormones?

  Tyrosine and tryptophan
• The amino acid tyrosine makes up what types of hormones?


  Thyroid hormones and catecholamines
• Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine are examples of what?

  catecholamines
• The amino acid tryptophan makes what hormone?

  melatonin
• Peptides are chains of _____ _____.

  amino acids
• An example of a peptide hormone would be _______.

  glycoproteins
• Examples of glycoproteins are?


  TSH, LH and FSH
• What category of hormones do short polypeptides fit under?

  peptide
• What are some examples of short polypeptides?


  ADH, and growth hormone
• Lipid derivative hormones are made from _______ and are hydro______.

  lipids, phobic
• Two main groups of lipid derivative hormones are ____________ and __________.

  Eicosanoids and steroid hormones
• What are some examples of eicosanoids?

  prostaglandins and leukotrienes
• What are some examples of steroid hormones?


  cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
• If the receptor is on the cell surface, can the hormone enter the cell?

  no
• What does the hormone do to get the hormone into the cell if the hormone is unable to go into the cell?


  Uses G proteins and second messengers to get the message across
• If a hormone cannot make it through the cell it is what type of solubility?

  water soluble
• Setting a cascade of reactions off in the cell leads to ________

  Amplification
• What is amplification?


  when enzymes activate enzymes, the number of affected molecules increases geometrically in an enzyme cascade
• What effects do hormones have on the target cell if they are water soluble?


  They can alter the activity of enzymes already present in the cell, so it cannot start any new synthesis.
• cAMP, cGMP, and Ca++ are all examples of ________ ________.

  second messengers
• Intracellular communication is done in the ______ or the _______.

  cytosol or nucleus
• What are some examples of water soluble hormones?

  Catecholamines, peptides and eicosanoids
• In order for a hormone to enter the cell it must be what type of solubility?

  lipid soluble
• What are examples of lipid soluble hormones?

  thyroid hormones and steroids
• What effects do lipid soluble hormones have on their target cell?


  Stimulate protein synthesis of new proteins or alter the rate of protein synthesis
• The response of the target cells depends upon:


  presence or absence of receptors, amount of hormone and the influence of other hormones
• What are the three ways hormones can influence other hormones?

  Permissive, antagonistic and synergistic/additive
• Permissive reactions between hormones does what?

  Hormone A tells Hormone B to go