Glycolysis

• catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules, releasing energy
• anabolism is the process of building complex molecules from simpler ones, using energy from respiration
• metabolism = catabolism + anabolism
• glycolysis and lipid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of the cell
• fatty acid oxidation, citric acid cycle and electron transport occur in the mitochondria
• the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
• the electron transport chain occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
• hydrolysis of ATP: ATP + H20 -> ADP + Pi
• catabolism is oxidative and exergonic
• anabolism is reductive and endergonic
• NAD+ is an oxidising agent and NADH is a reducing agent
• NADPH is a strong reducing agent
• Glycolysis: Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi -> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP
• the three stages of glycolysis: investment, cleavage, harvest
• step three is the rate limiting step, because phosphofructokinase is inhibited by ATP and activated by AMP
• net equation of glycolysis: Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2Pi + 2ADP -> Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2 ATP + 2H2O + 2H+
• Streptococcus mutans is a homofermentative bacteria that uses glucose to produce lactic acid
• streptococcus mutans reaction pathway: Glucose + 2 ADP + 2Pi -> 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP
• acidogenicity is the bacteria's ability to produce acid
• lactobacillus (phosphoketose) pathway: glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi -> lactic acid + ATP + CO2 + ethanol
• aerobic glycolysis produces 36 ATP per glucose molecule, while anaerobic glycolysis produces 2 ATP
• ATP contains P-O-P linkages which are high energy anhydride bonds