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• Weather


  Current condition of the atmosphere such as the temperature, rainfall, wind, and humidity at a given place
• Climate


  The average condition of the atmosphere in a specific area over a long period of time
• 4 seasons in temperate countries


  • spring
  • summer
  • autumn
  • winter
• The Philippines is one of the countries that are most at risk because of climate change. The frequency is increasing and the intensity is becoming stronger. These changes are manifestations of the impact of climate change on the country.
• Climate change


  A variation in the pattern of climate properties such as temperature, wind, and precipitation over a long period
• Concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere leads to global warming. But there is scientific evidence that global warming is due to anthropogenic or human activities.
• Carbon dioxide


  Colorless, odorless gas found in our atmosphere, it is produced by burning fossil fuels
• Greenhouse gasses (GHGs)


  In the atmosphere it helps regulate the surface temperature of the planet
• Earth has a natural "blanket" system that regulates the surface temperature.
• Climate Change Mitigation


  Measures that can reduce atmospheric accumulation of GHGs and thereby delay the predicted impact of GHGs on the global climate
• Climate Change Adaptation


  Adjustments in ecological, social, or economic systems in response to actual or expected climate change stimuli, their effects, or impacts to reduce vulnerability, moderate damages, and realize opportunities
• Mitigating Climate Change


  • Promote renewable energy, like solar and wind, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, encourage alternative fuels in transportation, and improve mass transit systems
  • Encourage proper waste disposal, including composting and landfills, and enforce industrial waste treatment standards
  • Encourage reforestation and afforestation, back organic farming, mandate LGUs to promote water efficiency in agriculture, set up facilities for water reuse, and develop drought-resistant, low-input seed varieties
  • Promote energy-saving devices in manufacturing, advocate for alternative fuels and renewables, and enhance energy efficiency in production
• Hydrometeorological hazard


  A process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage
• El Niño


  Associated with having no rain, hence the fear of drought and consequently dried-up fields and low water levels in dams and reservoirs for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses
• La Niña


  Associated with heavy rainfall and hazards such as floods
• El Niño and La Niña occur when the Pacific Ocean and the atmosphere above it change from their neutral ('normal') state for several seasons.
• El Niño


  The term translates from Spanish. It is now the commonly accepted term to describe the warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
• La Niña


  Translates as 'girl-child' and is the opposite ENSO phase of El Niño
• ENSO


  Gives rise to El Niño and La Niña is an atmospheric phenomenon
• Climatic disturbances


  • tropical cyclones
  • thunderstorms
  • tornados
  • droughts
• Tropical Cyclone


  An intense low pressure system with a minimum sustained wind velocity of 35 kilometers per hour (kph)
• Eye of Tropical Cyclones


  10 to 100 kilometers in diameter. This is the area where the wind is light and calm and there is no rain.
• Eye wall


  Where the precipitation is heaviest and the wind is strongest. Spiral rain bands surround the eye.
• Spiraling rain bands


  The clouds that surround the eye wall
• Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) is the official source of information about tropical cyclones even before it enters the PAR.
• Floods


  Usually affect low-lying and coastal areas. This is due to the overflowing of water from lakes, streams, and other bodies of water. The accumulation of rainwater in drainages also causes flood, particularly in the urban areas.
• Man-made causes of floods


  • Increased urbanization and coastal development
  • Informal settlers
  • Indiscriminate dumping of garbage
  • Deforestation
  • Failure of levees and dams
  • Blasting
• Types of Floods


  • River flood
  • Flash flood
  • Coastal flood
  • Storm surge
• Thunderstorm


  A localized storm cloud that produces lightning and thunder, and often brings heavy rain showers or hail as well as strong gusty winds
• Stages of a Thunderstorm


  • Initial or cumulus stage
  • Mature stage
  • Dissipating stage
• Thunderstorms can produce dangerous weather conditions such as heavy rains, floods, tornadoes, hailstones, and lightning.
• Hailstones


  Ice crystals falling from a thunderstorm. When these hailstones reach the ground, their sizes are reduced to the size of a corn kernel.
• Lightning


  The most dangerous hazard associated with thunderstorms, is a visible electrical discharge due to high voltage differences that build up within the clouds, between the clouds, and the ground.
• Tornado


  A localized windstorm characterized by a visible funnel-shaped, rapidly whirling cloud extending downward from the base of a dark cumulonimbus cloud. It is also known as twister. (In Philippines it is called as buhawi or ipo-ipo)
• Waterspout


  When a tornado occurs or moves over a body of water.
• Drought


  The lack of rainfall for normal needs. It is cyclical event so it can be predicted. It is also a slow-onset hazard, hence, there could be ample time to prepare and reduce the risks associated with it.
• Fire


  Can be considered as one of the most significant discoveries during ancient times. Fire can also be a hazard resulting from lightning, earthquake, and volcanic eruption. When there is drought and the temperature is very high, combustion easily occurs and can cause wildfires.
• Triangle of Combustion


  The concept of fire that was previously represented, it shows the three components necessary to have fire: fuel, heat, and oxygen.
• Fire Tetrahedron


  Recent studies that show the fourth element. A chemical chain reaction is also a necessary element of fire.
• Fire or combustion


  Rapid oxidation at a very high temperature.