Unit 4 (1450-1750)
Cards (19)
- Crusades-(1095s-1200s) Crusades fostered a renewed interest in goods from Africa(Europeans sought water routes to Asia)-Europeans sought gold, spices, new tech, and suitable lands to grow sugar and coffee (colonization and imperialism)
- Impact of the Crusades in Maritime Exploration-(1095s-1200s) Crusades fostered a renewed interest in goods from Africa(Europeans sought water routes to Asia)-Europeans sought gold, spices, new tech, and suitable lands to grow sugar and coffee (colonization and imperialism)-Europeans believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to new land-most European states practiced Merchantalism- wealth of a nation measured in gold and silver, acquiring colonies helped preserve wealth-Mainly focused on exports rather than imports to stimulate wealth-primogeniture laws
- Portugal in Maritime Explorations-First European state to focus on overseas exploration-Prince Henry the Navigator-voyages along west coast of Africa seeking a water route to Asia; established first along Africa's west coast)trading slaves and gold)-Bartholomew Dias- rounded southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)-Vasco de Gama-reached India and returned w cargo 60 times cost of expedition-Pedro Cabral accidentally discovered coast of Brazil in South America, claiming it for Portugal-weakened monopoly Venice, Genoa, and Muslims had trade with Asia
- Spain in Maritime Explorations-Christopher Columbus- thought he reached Asia;landed in Caribbean-His four voyages propelled Spian to forefront of European Exploration-Amerigo Vespucci-mapped and described the New World-Ferdinand Magellan-organised to circumnavigate the death; sailed across South America and Pacific but died in the Philippines-Spain conquered Philippines(Manila, center of trade)+Catholicism-Portugal and Spain dominated early years of exploration-Treaty of Tordesilles- created line of demarcation (boundary)
- Lure of the Riches- Spanish and French-Spain, Portugal, France, England, Dutch Republic-Spanish wealth- when exploiting wealth of Aztec and Inca Empires-Spanish galleons(armed ships) carried silver from Americas to Manilla(traded with Chinese merchants)-France: Jacques Cartier & Samuel de Champlain-explored modern-day Canada; established Quebec overlooking St. Lawrence River-Fur trade alliances with Native Americans; exported to France-French did not promote mass settlement; relied on trading posts-Lousiana founded by Orbert de La Salle
- Lure of the Riches- England and DutchEngland: first settlement in the Americas at Jamestown (United states)-John Cabot-explored northeast coast of North America-England's Virginia Company given charter from King James I to settle into the New WorldDutch: established New Amsterdam(modern-day New York) flourished with trade-Henry Hudson(sponsored by Dutch West India Company) explored Delaware and New York Bay- claiming for the Dutch
- The Columbian Exchange-European exploration (beginning with Columbus) led to emergence of a Global Economy (for the first time in history) through sea trade-This global interaction included the global diffusion of agricultural products, animals, diseases, and humans
- The Columbian Exchange- Diseases and Population Catastrophe-Afro-Eurasia shared diseases for millennia, Columbian Exchange introduced diseases to Natives who had no immunity-Amerindian population declines 90% due to diseases-Spanish conquistadors brought small pox-Afro-Eurasian insects, rats, animals introduced measles, influenza, malaria, salmonella, Bubonic Plague-The Columbian Exchange marked one of history's most significant population disasters-Amerindian depopulation created huge open spaces for Europeans to conquer and settle with little resistance
- Technologies that allowed for European Exploration-Newton's work with gravity-increased knowledge of tides/wind pattern-Cartography & Astronomical charts- helped with navigation-Printing press- maps and navigational knowledge spread faster-Astrolabe (by Muslims)- helped sailers determine distance from North or South of the equator-Magnetic compass (in China)- helped sailors with direction-Triangular-shaped lateen sails (by Arabs and used by Zheng He) helped change direction of winds and tack against the wind-Carracks, Carvels, Flutys-efficient sailing
- The Columbian Exchange- Animals and Foods-New World: potatoes, maize, tomatoes, tobacco, peanuts, vanilla, chocolate, beans, pepper, and turkey* Corn and potatoes revolutionized Afro-Eurasian diets-pop. growth-Old World: coffee, sugar, wheat, rice, grapes-Amerindian diets had little meats but cows, pigs, cheeps, goats, and chickens introduced to the New World-European introduction to horse-transformed Amerindian societies; hunting made easier and used in wars
- The Columbian Exchange- Cash Crops and Forced Labor-Plantation farming (sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, and cacao) originally used native Americans but due to diseases, Europeans began exporting African slaves-Tran-Atlantic Slave Trade- 90% of slaves brought to Caribbean and South America(African descent presence remains in Brazil today)-Portuguese called slaves "engenho's"(engines); high morality rate due to conditions(hard work, long hours, poor food, shelter, heat)-Despite population loss, African population still grew due to intro. to New World crops
- African Presence in the Americas-African Diaspora(spread of Africans out of Africa)-spread of African culture-Creole languages emerged (blend of African, English, Portuguese, Spanish, French languages)- most common in high African pop. areas-Enslaved Africans used music as a means of survival (with rhythm and percussion) influenced later styles (gospel, blues, jazz, rock, rap, hip-hip)-Rice, Okra, and Gumbo(popular) introduced to New World-Negro spirituals (blending of Christian music with African religious songs) + the invention of the Banjo by enslaved Africans
- Trading Posts in Africa and East Asia-Portugal: Vasco de Gama invaded Swahili Coast, Kilwa, and Mombasa- forts in coast of West Africa;dominate trade-Portuguese and Dutch introduced missionaries to Japan-Japan bans Christianity and remains in isolationism for 200 years-Ming Dynasty restricted outside influence/trade after Zheng He Voyages
- European Rivalries in South Asia-India was a target-considerable resources, large population of consumers, history of political fragmentation-Portuguese controlled Southwest coastal trading posts in Goa, French controlled city of Pondicherry in southern state of Tamil Nadu*British East Indian Company -factories in Bombay, Madras, Calcutta-governed areas after weakening of Mughal rule-British victory in Seven Years War drove French out of India
- Europeans in the Americas-Treaty of Tordesilles- divided parts of Americas to Portugal and Spain-Guns, germs and steel- Spanish conquered natives-Conquistador Hernan Cortes-took the city of Tenochtitlan using small pox outbreaks (Aztec Empire)-Conquistador Francisco Pizzaro-captured Inca Emperor Atahualpa;requested for rooms to be filled w gold; Spanish took Inca-Pedro Menendez de Aviles- fort in St. Augustine (east coast of Florida)-Spaniard Juan de Onate- established Santa Fe-find gold
- Europeans in the Americas-Dutch East India Company established in Netherlands-Virginia Company (joint-stcok company) founded in Jamestown-English took New Netherlands solidifying control of Atlantic coast of North America-English colonies engaged in mixture of trade (New England), farming (Middle Colonies) and cash crop (Southern Colonies)-French settlement in Nova Scotia and Quebec in Canada-Great Peace of Montreal-Iroqouois joined French-British victory in Seven Years War drove French out of North America
- Continuities and Changes in the Indian Ocean-Changes: intensification of trade and European presence-Europeans began dominating trade; took advantage of competing sects in Islamic world- acquired African and Indian Coast(future conflict)-Continuities:Muslims continue to play major role in trade route-state collected fees and taxes for use of trade routes and ports-significance of religious and ethnic ties
- Continuities and Changes in the Americas-Silver discovered in Central and South America-enormous wealth for Spain-New World silver became the global metal of exchange*Hacienda System-focused on agriculture and prod. of cash crops-Global trade of sugar and coffee-connectivity-England, France, Spain, Dutch -Caribbean islands (sugar plantations)-Merchantalism-mother country relying on colonies for sources of raw materials and as markets-forced colonies to produce and consume goods
- Continuities and Changes in Labor System-Mita system: Used be Spanish by Incas for gold and silver mines
- used young men to devote themselves to public works projects
-Encomienda system: Native Americans used by Spain and Portugal-Juan de Sepulveda-barbaric traditions of Indians justify labor-Failure of systems led to use of indentured servants(North America)/chattel slavery & enslaved Africans (Latin America)