BACTERIOLOGY - MANUEL

• WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL?(2)

  ● PROTECTS THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA

  ● PROVIDES THE SHAPE OF THE BACTERIA
• EXAMPLES OF COMPONENTS A BACTERIAL CELL WALL THAT MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PATHOGENECITY OF SOME BACTERIAL SPP.(2)

  ● M-PROTEIN

  ● MYCOLIC ACID
• WHICH SPP. CAN HAVE THIS COMPONENTS ON THEIR CELL WALL? INDICATE THE ACTION OF EACH


  ● M-PROTEIN - STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES

  PREVENTS BACTERIAL PHAGOCYTOSIS

  
  

  ● MYCOLIC ACID - MYCOBACTERIUM

  PREVENTS INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION

  (SULFONAMIDES IN SOME BOOKS)
• WHICH SPP. OF BACTERIA LACKS THE CELL WALL STRUCTURE IN THEIR CYTOLOGY?(2)

  ● MYCOPLASMA SPP.

  ● UREAPLASMA SPP.
• BECAUSE OF THE ABSENCE OF ITS CELLS WALLS THE STRUCTURE OF THESE ORGANISMS ARE TERMED AS?

  ● PLEOMORPHIC - VARIES IN SHAPE
• WHAT IS THE MAIN CONSTITUENT OF A BACTERIAL CELL WALL?

  PEPTIDOGLYCAN
• PEPTIDOGLYCAN IS MADE UP OF WHAT COMPOUNDS

  ● N-ACETYL GLUCOSAMINE

  
  

  ● N-ACETYL MURAMIC ACID
• WHAT IS THE TEST FOR DIFFERENTIATING BACTERIA BASED ON THE COMPONENTS OF THEIR CELL WALL?

  GRAM STAINING
• INDICATE THE REAGENTS USED FOR GRAM STAINING AND THEIR PURPOSE(4)


  1. CRYSTAL VIOLET - PRIMARY STAIN

  
  

  2. GRAM'S IODINE - MORDANT

  
  

  3. 95% ETHYL ALCOHOL/ ACETONE ALCOHOL -DECOLORIZER

  
  

  4. SAFRANIN - COUNTERSTAIN
• INDICATE THE REACTION OF A (1)GRAM POSITIVE

  FROM A (2) GRAM NEGATIVE ORGANISM

  1. VIOLET/PURPLE - GRAM POSITIVE

  
  

  2. RED/PINK - GRAM NEGATIVE
• WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON METHODS IN FIXATING A SPECIMEN ON A GLASS SLIDE FOR GRAM STAINING? (2)


  - HEAT FIXATION

  - SLIDE WARMER
• THIS IS THE "MOST CRITICAL" STEP IN GRAM STAINING?


  DECOLORIZING
• THIS IS A COMPONENT IN THE CELL WALL OF BACTERIA THAT BINDS TO MAGNESIUM

  TECHOIC ACID
• THE STRUCTURE OF GRAM (-) BACTERIA IS DIFFERENT BECAUSE OF WHAT?


  ● LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE BILAYER
• WHAT OTHER NAMES CAN BE ASSOCIATED TO THE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE BILAYER? (3)


  1. O ANTIGEN

  2. CORE ANTIGEN (CORE)

  3. LIPID A - "ENDOTOXIN"
• WHAT STRUCTURES ARE PRESENT IN GRAM(+) BACTERIA THAT IS ABSENT IN GRAM(-) BACTERIA?(2)

  GRAM NEGATIVE

  ● TEICHOIC ACID

  ● LIPOTEICHOIC ACID
• ALL COCCI ARE GRAM POSITIVE EXCEPT FOR? (3)


  Hint: NBV

  
  

  1. NEISSERIA

  2. BRUNHAMELLA / MORAXELLA

  3. VEILONELLA
• WHICH OF THE 3 EXHIBIT A "RED" FLUORESCENCE WHEN EXPOSED TO UV LIGHT?


  VEILONELLA
• EXAMPLES OF MEDICALLY RELEVANT GRAM (+) COCCI AEROBES. (3)


  Hint: MSS

  
  

  ● MICROCOCCUS SPP.

  ● STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPP.

  ● STREPTOCOCCUS SPP.
• EXAMPLES OF GRAM (+) COCCI ANAEROBES (3)


  Hint: PPS

  ● PEPTOCOCCUS SPP.

  ● PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS SPP.

  ● SARCINA SPP.
• ALL BACILLI ARE GRAM (-) EXCEPT FOR? (11)


  ●BACILLUS

  ●CORYNENBACTERIUM

  ●ERYSIPELOTHRIX

  ●LISTERIA

  ●LACTOBACILLUS

  ●MYCOBACTERIA

  ●NOCARDIA

  ●ROTHIA/KURTHIA

  ●ACTINOMYCES

  ●CLOSTRIDIUM

  ●PROPIONOBACTERIUM
• (8) AEROBIC BACILLI


  HINT: CELL BMNR

  
  

  ● CORYNENBACTERIUM

  ● ERYSIPELOTHRIX

  ● LISTERIA

  ● LACTOBACILLUS

  
  

  ● BACILLUS

  ● MYCOBACTERIA

  ● NOCARDIA

  ● ROTHIA/KURTHIA
• (3) ANAEROBIC BACILLI


  HINT: CAP

  ● CLOSTRIDIUM

  ● ACTINOMYCES

  ● PROPIONOBACTERIUM
• EXAMPLES OF FUNGUS-LIKE BACTERIA?(2)

  ● ACTINOMYCES

  ● NOCARDIA
• EXAMPLES OF SPIROCHETES?(3)


  Hint: TBL

  
  

  ● TREPONEMA

  ● BORRELIA

  ● LEPTOSPIRA
• WHAT ARE THE SPECIAL TERMS ASSOCIATED TO THEIR FLAGELLA (2)?

  ● PERIPLASMIC FLAGELLA

  ● AXIAL FILAMENTS
• IT IS KNOWN THAT SPIROCHETES GENERALLY CANNOT BE STAINED.

  
  

  HOWEVER SOME OF CAN EXHIBIT A GRAM REACTION, SPIROCHETES THAT HAVE A GRAM REACTION ARE __________________?

  GRAM NEGATIVE
• TERM GIVEN TO THE GRAM STAIN REACTION OF MYCOBACTERIA?


  GRAM GHOST / NEUTRAL
• ASIDE FROM MYCOBACTERIA WHICH OTHER BACTERIA CAN BE CONSIDERED ACID FAST/PARTIALLY ACID FAST?(3)

  Hint: NRL

  
  

  ● NOCARDIA SPP.

  ● RHODOCOCCUS SPP.

  ● LEGIONELLA MICDADAE
• PARASITES THAT ARE KNOWN TO BE ACID FAST?(3)

  ● ISOSPORA

  ● CRYPTOSPORIDIUM

  ● CYCLOSPORA
• ALL GRAM (-) BACILLI ARE AEROBES EXCEPT?(2)


  ● FUSOBACTERIUM

  ● BACTEROIDES
• WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF AFB STAINING?

  ● ZIEHL-NEELSEN METHOD - hot method

  
  

  ● KINYUON METHOD - cold method
• WHAT MORDANT/INTENSIFIER TECHNIQUE IS USED IN EACH OF THE TWO TYPES OF AFB STAINING?

  ● ZIEHL-NEELSEN - steam

  ● KINYUON - Tergitol
• WHAT IS THE DECOLORIZER USED IN AFB STAINING?

  3%ACID ALCOHOL
• HOW IS THE DECOLORIZER (3% ACID ALCOHOL) MADE? [ASSUMING THAT 1L NEEDED]

  30 ML HCL

  + 970 ML ETHYL ALCOHOL
• WHAT IS THE MOST COMMONLY USED COUNTER STAIN IN AFB STAINING?

  ● METHYLENE BLUE - most commonly used

  
  

  ● MALACHITE GREEN - alternative
• WHAT OTHER ACID MAYBE USED AS A DECOLORIZER IN AFB STAINING?(%)

  1% SULFURIC ACID
• PURPOSE OF 1% SULFURIC ACID


  USEFUL IN THE DEMONSTRATION OF WEAKLY ACID FAST BACILLI

  
  

  (ex: Nocardia)
• IDEAL SMEAR SIZE OF AFB STAIN

  2CM X 3CM
• FUNCTION OF THE POLYSACCHARIDE COMPONENT A BACTERIAL CELL

  INHIBITS PHAGOCYTOSIS