Bio 10-Part 1

• Endocytosis


  Cell membrane forms a pocket around the material needing to be transported & pinches off as a vesicle for transportation or vacule for storage.
• Exocytosis


  Waste stored in vesicles or vacuoles exit the cell. Vesicle or vacuoles fuses with cell membrane & waste is released
• Cytosis


  Help cells that are too big to be transported across the cell membrane even by transport proteins
• Endocytosis


  • Requires energy-Active transport
  • 3 types
• Phagocytosis


  Endocytosis of large particles
• Pinocytosis


  Endocytosis of liquid/dissolved particles
• Receptor


  Proteins protruding from membrane surface, they direct specific compounds that need to be transported in
• Water Filtration/Purification


  1. Reverse osmosis (filtration through a membrane containing very small pores)

  2. Pressure is used to force dirty water through the membrane
• Kidney Dialysis


  1. Kidney's filter the blood & regulate its solute & water content

  2. Sick kidney don't do this so the blood becomes, toxic

  3. Dialysis Tubing is a membrane that filters blood

  4. It is pumped through tubing emerging in a salt solution similar concentration to blood

  5. Waste exits through the membrane
• Controlled Delivery of Medication


  Trans-dermal. ex. nicotine or birth control patch allows slow diffusion of medication through semi permeable membrane to the skin in order to reach blood
• If a cell grows to large, nutrients & other chemicals take too long to reach all parts of the cell & the cell may not respond to changes quick enough & die
• When a cell increases in size its volume increases faster than Surface Area
• When there is more Volume & less SA diffusion takes longer & is less effective. This is because greater volume that needs to receive the substances being diffused, but less SA for the substance to enter the cell
• Greater the SA: V the more efficient transport will be
• Cell membrane


  Flexible boundary that controls the movement of materials in & out of the cell
• Cytoplasm


  Jelly-like fluid in which organelles are suspended
• Nucleus


  Controls cellular activities, DNA is stored here, surrounded by nuclear envelope with pores that allow transport of materials
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)


  • Convoluted tubules that branch from nucleus
  • Smooth ER makes lipids for delivery out of cell
  • Rough ER makes proteins for delivery out of cell, embedded with ribosomes which help create proteins
• Ribosomes


  Free floating or embedded in Rough ER, responsible for protein synthesis, reads RNA to know what amino acid sequence is needed to make specific proteins
• Golgi Apparatus


  Flat sacks involved in secretion, receive substances from ER and modifys them for delivery out of cell
• Vesicle


  Stores and transports materials out of the cell
• Lysosome


  Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes (proteins), digest waste including old cell parts, destroy foreign particles
• Mitochondria


  Where cellular respiration (Glucose-ATP) takes place, create ATP for cell
• Plant Cell


  • Cell wall: rigid outer portion of cell, provides support & structure, why cells often look boxy under microscope
  • Chloroplast: where photosynthesis takes place, contains chlorophyll which helps absorb light
  • Vacuole: stores water & other substances, plant cells contain 1
• Photosynthesis


  Traps energy from sunlight, converts it into chemical energy storing it as glucose, process occurs in chloroplast
• Cellular Respiration


  1. All cells break down energy stored in glucose into ATP, occurs in mitochondria (except for prokaryotes in cytoplasm)

  2. Animal cells obtain glucose through ingestion of food
• Cellular respiration equation: Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP
• Cell Theory


  • 1. All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
  • 2. All cells are produced from other cells
  • 3. A cell is the smallest functional unit of life. All cells contain genetic information which determines their function, Metabolism which allows them to carry out these functions & are capable of reproduction
• Aristotle Spontaneous Generation - Abiogenesis

  300 BC
• Francesco Redi Control Experiment

  1668
• Redi's experiment showed that maggots came from other flies, not spontaneously from meat in jars
• Louis Pasteur's Swan Necked Flask experiment


  1745
• Pasteur's experiment showed that fermentation was caused by microorganisms, not air
• Rudolph Virchow's Biogenesis - life cells from life cells
• Cell


  An open system, allowing water & energy in & out
• Prokaryotic cells


  • Bacteria & archaea
  • Nucleoid region
  • Binary fission
  • Simple
  • Single celled
  • Smaller
  • Rapid reproduction
• Eukaryotic cells


  • Animal, plants, fungi & protists
  • Membrane bound nucleus
  • Complex
  • Multicelled
  • Larger
  • Advanced organisms
  • Membrane bound organelles
  • Organelles more efficient & preform special functions
• Endosymbiotic Theory


  Origins of eukaryotic cells - a large host cell ingested bacteria similar to mitochondria, forming a symbiotic relationship over millions of years
• Mitochondria


  Produces ATP, the cellular energy
• Chloroplast


  Formed when a large host cell ingested a bacterium capable of photosynthesis