3.1

• Pre-industrial (pre-1780)

  
  

  Life in Pre-Industrial Britain.

  -limited transport (horseback/horse and cart)

  
  

  -limited free time -lower class worked long hours.

  
  

  -widespread illiteracy.

  
  

  -no school for the public (lower classes uneducated).

  
  

  -cruel and violent existences for lower classes-the upper class lived in comfort and luxury.

  
  

  -people lived in the countryside and rural areas.

  
  

  -feudal system-upper and lower class.
• What is the feudal system?


  Structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.
• PRE-INDUSTRIAL SPORT.

  
  

  What is popular recreation?

  The sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain.
• Characteristics of popular recreation?


  -rural

  -local

  -lower class participation

  -few rules

  -played occasionally

  -violent
• Why was popular recreation unpopular with the local authorities?


  - violence and unruly in nature.

  
  

  - they led to injury or death in extreme cases.

  
  

  - they led to damage of property.

  
  

  - they involved gambling/wagering.

  
  

  - they were linked to alcohol consumption / drunken behaviour.
• Characteristics of sporting recreation (limited to mob football and real tennis.

  
  

  What was Mob football?

  -played by lower class. (reflected society two -class division with certain sports for lower classes)

  
  

  -localised activity due to lack of transport as well as little development in the way of communications such as newspapers.

  
  

  - rural in nature as population was spread out in the countryside and lived in small villages.

  
  

  -simple and readily available, only football required

  
  

  .-lower class played occasionally. long working hours meant that the lower class only played mob football occasionally.

  
  

  -limited rules due to low literacy level. (rule=do not kill)

  
  

  - male dominated and highly violent and unruly in nature. this reflected the living conditions in the society so there was very little in the way of rules and regulations in mob football.
• Characteristics of sporting recreation (limited to mob football and real tennis.

  
  

  REAL TENNIS, what was it?

  -played by upper class males of society.

  
  

  -did not reflect typical popular recreation characteristics

  
  

  .-exclusive, specialist equipment and purpose built court.

  
  

  -upper class were educated and highly literate so rules were complex and written down.

  
  

  -the game was played to a high moral code, was civilised and opponents were mutually respectful.

  
  

  -played regularly- plenty of leisure time.-non local, the upper class could travel to play.

  
  

  -skilful game which enabled upper class to show superiority over lower class.
• Characteristics of sporting recreation (limited to mob football and real tennis.

  
  

  ATHLETICS AS A POPULAR RECREATION ACTIVITY IN PRE-INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN.

  Also known as FOOT RACING/ pedestrianism. This basically consists of footmen competing as messengers by the upper class/ gentry for their speed of movement across open land.

  
  

  foot racers competed against one another with the gentry wagering on how many miles they could cover.

  
  

  racing developed as 'challenge rules' were introduced.

  
  

  prize money to lower class from patrons of upper class.
• Characteristics of sporting recreation (limited to mob football and real tennis.

  
  

  What is foot racing?

  
  

  What is patron?

  A form of competitive running/ walking in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries involving death of endurance. As time progressed, it evolved into pedestrianism / race walking.

  
  

  A member of the gentry who looked after a lower class performer eg. by arranging competitions for them to participate in, putting up prize money and generally looking after the welfare of the performer.
• Characteristics of sporting recreation (limited to mob football and real tennis.

  
  

  CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULAR RECREATION LINKED TO PRE-1780 FESTIVALS INCLUDE...

  - rules were simple / unwritten.

  
  

  - events were local with people from neighbouring villages joining in with the festivities and competitions which occurred annually.

  
  

  - it was set in a rural location.

  
  

  - betting occurred, with wagers placed on the outcomes of races.
• Industrial and post-industrial (1780-1900).

  
  

  The development of rational recreation.


  As Britain changed into an industrially based society, sports and pastimes developed into a number of different ways, reflecting societal changes.

  
  

  This was referred to as RATIONAL RECREATION. - in the 19th century, these wee sports pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle class to be well ordered, organised and controlled.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  THE WENLOCK Olympic Games. What happened in 1850?

  In 1850, the Wenlock Agricultural Reading Society (WARS) resolved to form a class called the Olympian Class which was set up to promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements, especially in the LOWER CLASS of Wenlock. Prizes offered for successful participants to encourage participation.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  THE WENLOCK Olympic Games.

  
  

  When was the first games?

  The first Wenlock Olympian games was held in October 1850 and were a forerunner to the modern Olympic Games.

  
  

  Mixture of athletics and traditional country sports: quoits, football, cricket, running and hurdles.

  
  

  There was a flag procession and also Olympic hymns and a laurel leaves crown placed on the head of winners.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  THE WENLOCK Olympic Games. What happened in 1860?

  IN 1860, the Olympian class became known as the WENLOCK OLYMPIAN SOCIETY.

  
  

  The driving force behind the Wenlock Olympian Games was DR WILLIAM PENNY BROOKES (the founder in 1850).
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  THE WENLOCK Olympic Games.

  
  

  What else did Dr William Penny Brookes and the Wenlock Olympian society campaign for?

  Dr William Penny Brooked (much Wenlock Olympian Games founder) and he campaigned for physical education in the school curriculum and promoted the health benefits of sport and exercise nationally.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  THE WENLOCK Olympic Games.

  
  

  Who was Baron Pierre de Coubertin?

  -Visited in 1980 and as inspired by Dr Brookes.

  
  

  -He went on to establish the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and reform the modern Olympic Games in Athens (1896)
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RATIONAL RECREATION.

  
  

  THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. What is it?

  Deemed to have occurred during the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries.

  
  

  This period marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into an industrialised, machine- based, capitalist society controlled by a powerful urban middle class.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RATIONAL RECREATION.

  
  

  THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.

  
  

  During the first half of the nineteenth century, the initial effects of the industrial revolution were often negative. What were they?

  MIGRATION OF LOWER CLASS INTO URBAN AREAS - looking for work in new factories built, loss of space to play traditional mob games and overcrowding.

  
  

  LACK OF LEISURE TIME - shift from seasonal to machine time, 12 hour working days six days a week. Sunday was the day of rest.

  
  

  LACK OF INCOME - low wages and poverty, little disposable income for leisure pursuits.

  
  

  POOR HEALTH - poor working and living conditions that led to pollution, lack of hygiene and energy to play sport.

  
  

  LOSS OF RIGHTS - restrictions placed on mob games and blood sports by changes in criminal laws.

  
  

  LACK OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT - no access to private facilities or no personal equipment for lower classes.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RATIONAL RECREATION.

  
  

  THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.

  
  

  In the second half of the 19th century, some improvements had a positive effect, what were they?

  HEALTH AND HYGIENE IMPROVED - gradual improvements to living conditions and local council provision of public baths to improve cleanliness and stop spread of disease, more energy for sport.

  
  

  GRADUAL INCREASE IN WAGES AND TIME FOR SPORT - due to the Factory acts and Half day Saturdays being provided to workers.

  
  

  NEW MIDDLE CLASS - they changed the ways of behaving and playing sport. more acceptable and respectable and was played to a higher moral code, stricter rules, leagues and competitions were introduced. provided facilities and public parks via involvement in local councils.

  
  

  EX PUBLIC SCHOOLBOYS - via industry - the Church etc.

  
  

  VALUES OF ATHLETICISM - physical endeavour with moral integrity, fair play, spread to the lower class.

  
  

  INDUSTRIAL PATRONAGE - led to provision for recreation and sport - factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce, sporting facilities provide and excursions to the seaside were organised.

  
  

  TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS - development of roads and steam trains influences the distances spectators and players could travel. Fixtures and results could be published in the newspaper.

  
  

  CHEAPER TO TRAVEL - participation in sport and spectating became more accessible.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  Urbanisation.

  
  

  What is it?

  Large numbers of people migrating/ moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  Urbanisation.

  
  

  KEY FEATURES OF URBANISATION?

  LACK OF SPACE - in cities, unlike the countryside, space was at premium. This led to the development of purpose built facilities.

  
  

  LARGE WORKING CLASS POPULATIONS - resulted in mass spectator numbers at football and rugby matches.

  
  

  LOSS OF TRADITIONAL SPORTS - mob games were banned in a civilised urban society, need for new sports to emerge.

  
  

  CHANGE IN WORKING CONDITIONS - more free time, more disposable income and more energy could be devoted to sport.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  Transport and communication. How does this increase spectators and participation in sport?

  Development of steam trains and railways increased spectator and participation opportunities ad spread interest in sport.

  
  

  Faster trains enabled people to travel further more easily, giving more time for sports matches.

  
  

  Spectators could follow their teams ro away matches and regular national fixtures, leagues and cup competitions developed, creating a need for unified rules or codification.

  
  

  Improved access to different parts of the country - nationwide travel enabled sport to develop from local to regional =, with leagues such as the football league developing across the country.

  
  

  Cheaper train travel - became cheaper and affordable which led to working class following their teams and sporting heroes home and way.

  
  

  Improved access to countryside - activities such as rambling became popular as rural areas were reachable an affordable via train travel.

  
  

  Communication via newspapers etc improved as society became more literate. This increased the knowledge and awareness of sports in a number of different ways.

  
  

  It led to the emergence of role models as well.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  Churches and local authorities.

  Why did the church promote sport?

  The fact that it encouraged social control through civilised activities diverting people away from less socially acceptable activities such as drinking and gambling.

  
  

  Church facilities such as halls provided venues for improving the morality of working classes.

  
  

  The development of the YMCA promoted healthy body healthy mind link.

  
  

  The clergy viewed sport as a good way to increase church attendance.

  
  

  The church organised teams, set up clubs and organised competitions. Eg. Aston Villa.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  Three-tier class system (emphasis on middle class and working class). Public schools/universities.

  
  

  How did they impact sporting developments?


  CODIFICATION - development of specific rules as public school and university boys played a key role in the formation of many NGBs or sport. They controlled sport and became key organisers via their administration experience which enabled them to form and run clubs. (eg. football association set up in 1863, the rugby union in 1871 and the lawn tennis association in 1888).

  
  

  COMPETITIONS - development of leagues and competitions via the middle class involvement in public schools/ universities/ clubs/ NGBs/ factory teams/ church teams.

  
  

  PUBLIC PROVISION - development of public facilities (parks and public baths) via middle class PHILANTHROPISTS, factory owners, church, passing of government.

  
  

  INCREASED LEISURE TIME - middle class factory owners gradually gave their workers more leisure time ( eg Saturday half day).

  
  

  MOVE TO PROFESSIONALISM - the middle class helped in the development of early commercial/ professional sport.
• What are philanthropists?


  Kind, generous, middle class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try to provide for a better life amount the working class.
• What is codification?


  The gradual organisation and defining of the rules (eg. for the actual playing of the sport, as well as the conduct and behaviour of participants).
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  The British Empire.

  
  

  How did Public school boys and university old boys influence the development of sport in Britain and its spread through the British Empire?

  AS TEACHERS - they developed teas and taught traditional sporting values.

  
  

  AS INDUSTRIALISTS/ FACTORY OWNERS - they set up teams and gave workers time off to pay competitive sport nationally and internationally.

  
  

  AS CLERGY - they developed church teams or became missionaries and took sport abroad.

  
  

  AS OFFICERS IN THE BRITISH ARMY - they used sport within the armed services and spread sport throughout the empire.

  
  

  AS DIPLOMATS - they traveled the world and took sport with them.

  
  

  THEY FORMED NATIONAL GOVERNING BODIES - eg RFU. This codified sports and established leagues and competitions which eventually spread internationally as well as nationally.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  Provision through factories. How did this help sport?

  Development of public baths in urban and industrial areas positively influence opportunities for working class rational recreation.

  
  

  Poor living conditions, diseases and pollution were the harsh side effects of industrialisation.

  
  

  Local authorities applied for grants to provide public baths ad washing facilities improve health and hygiene.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  Development of national governing bodies. Why did they develop?

  Sport was becoming increasingly popular with widespread playing of sport.

  
  

  More teams and clubs were forming.

  
  

  More national and international fixtures were being organised.

  
  

  Leagues and competitions were required for these reams to compete in.

  
  

  Nationally agreed rules and codification for different sports were required, a single set of rules was required in order to enable fair competition.

  
  

  Maintenance of the amateur ideal to deal with professionalism and early commercialism of sport and the desire to maintain control of sport among middle and upper classes.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  What is rational recreation?

  
  

  CHARACTERISTICS OF RATIONAL RECREATION.


  It involves the post- industrial development of sport. It was characterised by a number of features including respectability, regularity, strict administration and codification.

  
  

  Characteristics:

  
  

  RESPECTABILITY - non violent in nature, fair play.

  
  

  REGIONALLY/NATIONALLY REGULARLY PLAYED - watching Saturday afternoon for the masses was particularly popular in their time off work.

  
  

  STRINGENT ADMINISTRATION SND CODIFICATION - strict and complex rules were written and set down by NGBs for the conduit of a sport.

  
  

  REFEREES/ OFFICIALS - they were present to enforce the newly developed rules in sporting contests.

  
  

  PURPOSE BUILT FACILITIES - specially constructed grounds, pitches or tracks, often around urban areas with large populations to draw on for spectators.

  
  

  SKILLS/ TACTICS BASED - positional roles that players became specialist in. They trained to improve their technique and fitness levels to increase their chances of winning.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  The status of amateur and professional performers.

  
  

  What are they?

  Amateur - a person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain.

  
  

  Professional - a person who plays sport for financial gain.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  The status of amateur and professional performers.

  
  

  Amateurism was associated with sport during the late nineteenth century. What were its values?


  Manliness, robustness, striving and physical endeavour.

  
  

  Appreciating the value of health and fitness.

  
  

  Appreciating the value of rule-regulated activity.

  
  

  High moral integrity.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  The status of amateur and professional performers.

  
  

  Characteristic of being a gentleman amateur?

  Being a respected member of society with public school background; high status in sport reflected by high status in society.

  
  

  Belonging the the social elite, having wealth and plenty of free time for sport.

  
  

  Participation in sport was viewed as a character building exercise; training was frowned upon as it would constitute professionalism.

  
  

  Playing a range of sports using their natural talents.

  
  

  Playing sport to a high moral code; acceptance of rules, restrict in victory, good humour in defeat.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  The status of amateur and professional performers.

  
  

  Positive impacts of a gentleman amateur?

  Elite sport was run by and dominated by the upper and middle class who had a high status in sport and society. Amateurs held a higher status than professionals at this time.

  
  

  The code of amateurism was based on playing sport to clearly set rules which were put in place by the middle and upper classes that formed many NGBs eg. the FA.

  
  

  Amateurism adhered to the code of ethics, playing spot tot a high set of moral values and sportsmanship.

  
  

  Belonging to the social elite - high wealth, can afford to play sport for the love of it rather than for monetary gain.

  
  

  Participation in sport - seen as more important than winning and taking part was a character building exercise.

  
  

  The all-rounder was viewed with high regard by the amateurs ie. playing a variety of sports and developing competency in many of them.

  
  

  Amateurs were the elite performers of the 19th century.

  
  

  The new middle classes admired the cultural values of the upper class gentleman amateur.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  The status of amateur and professional performers.

  
  

  Gentleman amateur (eg. Rugby union) and Working class profession (eg Rugby league). What are the differences?


  Gentleman amateur (eg. Rugby union)

  
  

  - Upper/Middle class

  - Wealthy

  - Lots of free time

  - No desire to train to improve performance.

  - High morality: emphasis on taking part and fair play.

  
  

  Working class professional (eg Rugby league).

  
  

  - working class

  - poor

  - very little free time due to long working hours.

  - committed to train and perform as well as possible.

  - low morality, winning was important, open to bribes, would cheat to win.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  The status of amateur and professional performers

  
  

  Characteristics of a working class professional?

  -could not afford to spend time away from work or sport.

  
  

  -had the opportunity to play full time and get paid

  
  

  .-sport became their job.

  
  

  - looked down on by gentled amateurs.

  
  

  -they had low status and were the poorest members of society

  
  

  - they had to make money from sport otherwise they could not afford to play.

  
  

  -they were perceived to be corruptible as they were controlled by money.

  
  

  -early professionals in walking/running races were paid accordance to results.

  
  

  -Training was specialised and winning was the most important thing.

  
  

  -Foul play and gamesmanship were used to try and gain an advantage and increase chances of winning.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  The status of amateur and professional performers.

  
  

  Positive impacts of nineteenth century professionalism on sport development?

  -it slowly developed at the end of the 19th century

  
  

  - employment in a factory was sometimes based on a talent to play a particular sport

  
  

  .-commercialisation and media coverage of sport in the late 20th century led to the full on set of professionalism.

  
  

  -earning money from sport was an avenue of social mobility - rags to riches.

  
  

  -created a determination to succeed.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  The status of amateur and professional performers.

  
  

  Key features of early 20th century amateurs?

  High status in sport and society.

  
  

  Controllers of sport - middle and upper classes controlled sport, excluding working classes from amateur sports.

  
  

  Top performers - from middle and upper class.

  
  

  Highly moral - sufficient income and leaser time to play sport for the love of it, receiving no payment. Emphasised fair play and sportsmanship.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  The status of amateur and professional performers.

  
  

  KEY FEATURES OF MODERN DAY AMATEURS?

  As the 20th century progressed, the amateurs began to lose some of their status and owner in sport.

  
  

  Modern day amateurs of the late 20th century/ earliest 21st century:

  
  

  These tend to be of lower status (professionals now a higher status)

  
  

  some high level performers are still not professional eg. gymnasts.

  
  

  There has been some blurring of amateur and professional distinctions, with less likelihood of exclusions as society has become more egalitarian ie. equal and achievement based on merit.

  
  

  Performance at the top level in most sports is now open to all.

  
  

  Some amateurs receive finance to pay for training expenses etc. (eg. National lottery). It could be argued that this enables them to train as full time athletes in modern day sport and they do not gain financially from Lottery funding.
• Characteristics and impact on sport (limited to development of association football, lawn tennis, rationalisation of track and field events and the role of the Wenlock Olympian Games).

  
  

  The status of amateur and professional performers.

  
  

  HOW HAS AMATEUR CODE CONTINUED IN BRITISH SPORT?

  Codes of amateurism are still evident in British sport eg. via fair play and sportsmanship.

  
  

  It is still viewed positively and promoted in a number of ways eg. fair play awards in football, shaking hands.

  
  

  Sports like Rugby Union maintained their amateurism until late into the 20th century and still have codes of conduct based in such principles eg. calling referee Sir.