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• Native American populations in the Americas


  • Diverse peoples with differing ways of life shaped by the environment in which they lived
• Europeans came to the Americas for various reasons
• The Columbian Exchange resulted in massive changes in Europe and the Americas
• The arrival of the Spanish fundamentally changed the social and economic makeup of the Americas
• As a result of their interaction with each other


  Europeans' and Native Americans' understanding of each other changed over time
• The Spanish, Dutch, French, and English projects of colonization


  • Motivated by different goals
• The British Colonies in North America


  • Differed from each other in their goals, population makeup, and society
• What kept colonization viable was the great wealth being generated by the transatlantic trade
• As European colonies became more established

  European powers maintained differing policies in their interactions with Native American peoples, which often led to conflict
• All British colonies depended more or less on enslaved African laborers, but some enslaved people actively rebelled against the system
• Colonial society


  • Resembled English society and developed its own character
• British colonial policies led to an increasing mistrust in the American colonies
• The French and Indian War led to increased land for the American colonies and a greater burden of taxation
• British colonial policies, specifically taxation without representation in Parliament

  Led to the Revolutionary War
• Enlightenment ideals


  • Exhibited a major influence on the American Independence movement, especially exhibited in Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence
• Despite Britain's military and financial advantages, the American Patriots won the Revolutionary War and gained independence
• The Articles of Confederation was the first constitution of the United States of America, and it failed largely because the federal government was too weak
• The Constitutional Convention was called to draft a new constitution to rectify the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
• The Constitution of the United States


  • Created a new central government defined by federalism and the separation of powers
• The ideals of the American Revolution affected society in America in terms of gender roles and debates about slavery, while they also inspired revolutions in France and Haiti
• The presidencies of Washington & Adams set precedents for how America understood the relationship between the federal and state governments, economic policy, and foreign policy
• Ideas about American national identity found expression in art, literature, and architecture