ISBB

• Immunology

  Study of immune system (prevents the establishment if infection in the body)

  
• Serology

  Study of antigen-antibody reactions
• Serum

  Non-cellular component of the blood
• Samples used in serological test

  • Serum
  • CSF
  • Urine
  • Stool
• When to use serology

  • Unable to culture infectious agent
  • Confirmation of etiologic ID of the specimens
  • Diagnosis of immunologically-related disorders
  • Determine immune status

  
• Antigen

  Substances that induce or elicit an immune response
• Antibodies

  One of the major substances produced by the immune system that will block harmful antigen

  
• Functions of antibodies

  • Cell toxicity
  • Neutralization
  • Opsonization
• Agglutination

  Clumping of reactants in serological test
• Precipitation

  Liquid form or formation of sediments in the mixture
• VDRL

  Venereal Disease Research Laboratory Test, used for screening for syphilis, uses heated serum, principle is flocculation
• ELISA

  Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, measures enzymatic reactions, uses enzymes as labels
• Rapid Plasma Reagin

  Used for screening for syphilis, uses unheated serum, principle is flocculation
• Fluorescent Immunoassay

  Uses fluorescent compounds as labels
• Radioimmunoassay

  Uses radioactive substances as label
• Role of the immune system

  • Defending the body against infections
  • Recognizing and responding to foreign antigens
  • Defending the body against the development of tumors
• Immunity

  The condition of being resistant to infection, the recognition of foreign substances and subsequent production of antibodies to these substances

  
• Natural immunity

  Innate or non-adaptive or non-specific, ability of an individual to resist infections by means of normally present body functions

  
• Acquired immunity

  Adaptive or specific, a reaction resulting from invasion of foreign substances
• Types of adaptive immunity

  • Active (natural active, artificial active)
  • Passive (natural passive, artificial passive)

  
• Blood banking

  Collection, processing, typing and storage of whole blood and other blood products, also known as Immunohematology
• Blood typing

  • Forward or Direct Typing (detection of antigens on patients RBC using known commercial anti-sera)
  • Reverse or Back Typing (detection of antibodies in serum of patient with known commercial RBCs suspension)
• Blood donor screening

  • Ensure the safety of the donor
  • Ensure the safety of the recipient
• Types of blood donation

  • Allogenic Donation
  • Directed Donation
  • Autologous Donation
  • Apheresis Donation
• Steps in donor screening and collection

  • Registration
  • Health or Medical history
  • Physical examination
  • Phlebotomy
  • Post-donation care
  • Serological Testing of donor's blood
• Registration

  • Get the vital information from the donor
  • Verify the donor's identity by asking for VALID ID
• Health or Medical history interview

  • Interview sheet or questionnaire must be given
  • Questions might ensure safety of the donor
• Physical examination

  • Weight
  • Temperature
  • Blood Pressure
  • Pulse Rate
  • Hemoglobin and Hematocrit
• Blood components

  • Whole Blood
  • Red Blood Cells
  • Platelets
  • Fresh Frozen Plasma
  • Cryoprecipitate
  • Plasma and Liquid Plasma
• Apheresis

  2 methods: Intermittent (1 Vein) and Continuous (2 Veins), uses Heparin as anticoagulant
• Platelet apheresis

  Collection of platelets by apheresis while returning the RBCs, WBCs, and component plasma
• Leukapheresis

  Removal of PMNs, basophils, eosinophils for transfusion into patients whole PMNs are ineffective or where traditional therapy has failed
• Plasmapheresis

  Collection of blood plasma by apheresis while returning the RBCs, WBCs, and platelet