Biological macromolecules

• Biological macromolecules - large, organic molecules with various functions such as energy sources
• Biological macromolecules

  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
• Lipids - founds in foods that have fsts
• Carbohydrates - foods with sugars and starches
• nucleic acids - fruits vegetables and meats
• proteins - meats
• Carbohydrates - also known as saccharide
• Carbohydrates - composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Carbohydrates - primary sources of energy (glucose) for the human body
• Carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Glucose - used in dextrose, blood sugar; the form utilized by the human body
• Galactose - breakdown of lactose
• Fructose - found in fruits and honey
• Maltose - found in malt
• Sucrose - found in regular table sugar, sugarcane, and sugar beet
• Lactose - found in milk and milk products
• Monosaccharide

  • Glucose
  • Galactose
  • Fructose
• Disaccharides

  • Maltose
  • Sucrose
  • Lactose
• Polysaccharides

  • Starch/Amylose
  • Amylopeectin
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
• Amylopectin - storage form in glucose in plants and animals
• Starch/Amylose - storage form of carbohydrate in plants.
• Glycogen - storage form of glucose animal; stored in the liver and muscles
• Cellulose - structural material in plants—cell wall in woods, wood fiber cannot be digested by humans
• Lipids - Source of energy, functions in structure, insulation, protection, and hormones (steroids)
• Lipids - composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Lipids - insoluble in water
• Fat - refers to the solid triglyceride
• Oil - refers to the liquid triglyceride
• Lipids or fats classification

  • triglyceride
  • phospholipid
  • wax
  • steroid
• Proteins - Biomolecules that serve many functions such as structure, hormones, enzymes, protection
• Element of proteins

  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
  • CHON with sulfur
• Sample of protein

  • keratin
  • fibroin/silk protein
  • collagen
  • Enzymes
  • Myoglobin
• keratin - structural protein found in hair, skin, and nails
• fibroin - one of the strongest fibers that have high resistance to deformation
• Collagen - Found in connective tissues (tendons, ligaments, skin, cartilage, and cornea)
• Enzymes - catalyze chemical reactions
• Lipase - digestion of fats
• Pepsin - breakdown proteins into smaller units
• Sucrase - digestion of sugars and starches
• Myoglobin - stores oxygen in the muscles; contains heme group