chem unit 1

    Cards (100)

    • hydroxide
      OH⁻
    • carbonate
      CO₃²⁻
    • sulfate

      SO₄²⁻
    • nitrate
      NO₃⁻
    • phosphate
      PO₄³⁻
    • ammonium
      NH₄⁺
    • zinc

      Zn²⁺
    • silver

      Ag⁺
    • metal hydroxide + acid

      salt + water
    • metal carbonate + acid

      salt + water + carbon dioxide
    • metal hydrogencarbonate + acid

      salt + water + carbon dioxide
    • ammonia and acid
      ammonium salt
    • redox
      something oxidised and something reduced
    • group 1 metals

      +1
    • group 2 metals

      +2
    • oxygen
      -2 (-1 in peroxides) (+2 with fluorine)
    • hydrogen

      +1 (-1 in metal hydrides)
    • fluorine

      -1
    • chlorine
      -1 (except with O or F)
    • atomic number
      number of protons in nucleus of atom
    • mass number
      number of protons and neutrons in nucleus of atom
    • isotopes
      atoms with same number of protons but different number of neutrons
    • ion
      particle where number of electrons doesn't match number of protons
    • radioactivity
      the emission of ionising radiation or particles caused by the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei
    • alpha particle
      helium nucleus, cluster of two protons and two neutrons
    • beta particle

      high-speed electron emitted from nucleus
    • gamma radiation

      a type of nuclear radiation made of high-energy waves
    • alpha penetrating power

      least, stopped by piece of paper
    • beta penetrating power
      medium, stopped by thin sheet of metal
    • gamma penetrating power

      most, stopped by thick lead
    • alpha in electrical field

      positive, heavy and slow-moving
      attracted slightly to negative plate
    • beta in electrical field
      light and fast-moving
      considerable deviation to negative plate
    • gamma in electrical field

      electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength
      unaffected
    • consequences of alpha, beta and gamma emissions
      alpha and beta radioactive emissions result in formation of new nucleus with new atomic number and product is different element
      gamma radiation reduces energy of nucleus
    • alpha emission
      mass number goes down 4
      atomic number goes down 2
      _ → _ + a
    • beta emission

      neutron changes to proton
      mass number stays the same
      atomic number goes up 1
      _ → _ + b⁻
    • beta plus decay/ positron emission

      proton converted into neutron while releasing positron and electron neutrino
      mass number stays the same
      atomic number goes down 1
      _ → _ + b⁺
    • electron capture
      one of orbital electrons is captured by proton in nucleus, forming a neutron and emitting electron neutrino
      mass number stays the same
      atomic number goes down 1
      _ + b⁻ → _
    • half-life

      time taken for half of atoms in radioisotope to decay
    • effects of radioactive radiation on living cells

      ionising radiation may damage DNA of cell
      damages to DNA may lead to changes in way cell functions; low doses, mutations and formation of cancerous cells
      high doses, death
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