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chem unit 1
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Cards (100)
hydroxide
OH⁻
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carbonate
CO₃²⁻
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sulfate
SO₄²⁻
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nitrate
NO₃⁻
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phosphate
PO₄³⁻
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ammonium
NH₄⁺
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zinc
Zn²⁺
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silver
Ag⁺
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metal
hydroxide + acid
salt
+
water
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metal
carbonate + acid
salt
+
water
+ carbon dioxide
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metal
hydrogencarbonate + acid
salt
+
water
+ carbon dioxide
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ammonia and acid
ammonium salt
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redox
something
oxidised
and something
reduced
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group 1
metals
+
1
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group 2
metals
+
2
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oxygen
-2 (-1 in peroxides) (+
2
with fluorine)
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hydrogen
+
1
(
-1
in metal hydrides)
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fluorine
-1
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chlorine
-1 (except with
O
or
F
)
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atomic number
number of
protons
in
nucleus
of atom
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mass number
number of
protons
and neutrons in
nucleus
of atom
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isotopes
atoms with same number of
protons
but different number of
neutrons
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ion
particle where number of
electrons
doesn't match number of
protons
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radioactivity
the emission of
ionising
radiation or particles caused by the spontaneous
disintegration
of atomic nuclei
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alpha particle
helium nucleus
, cluster of two
protons
and two neutrons
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beta
particle
high-speed electron
emitted from
nucleus
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gamma
radiation
a type of nuclear radiation made of
high-energy waves
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alpha
penetrating power
least
, stopped by piece of
paper
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beta penetrating power
medium, stopped by thin sheet of metal
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gamma
penetrating power
most, stopped by thick
lead
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alpha
in electrical field
positive,
heavy
and
slow-moving
attracted slightly to
negative
plate
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beta in electrical field
light
and
fast-moving
considerable deviation to
negative
plate
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gamma
in electrical field
electromagnetic radiation
of
short
wavelength
unaffected
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consequences of alpha, beta and gamma emissions
alpha
and beta radioactive emissions result in formation of new
nucleus
with new atomic number and product is different element
gamma radiation
reduces energy
of nucleus
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alpha emission
mass
number goes down
4
atomic number goes down
2
_ → _ + a
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beta
emission
neutron
changes to
proton
mass
number stays the same
atomic
number goes
up 1
_ → _ + b⁻
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beta
plus decay/ positron emission
proton converted into neutron while releasing positron and electron neutrino
mass number stays the same
atomic number goes down 1
_ → _
+
b⁺
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electron capture
one of orbital electrons is captured by
proton
in nucleus, forming a neutron and emitting electron
neutrino
mass
number stays the same
atomic
number goes down 1
_ + b⁻ → _
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half
-life
time taken for
half
of atoms in radioisotope to
decay
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effects
of radioactive radiation on living cells
ionising
radiation may
damage
DNA of cell
damages to DNA may lead to changes in way cell functions; low doses,
mutations
and formation of
cancerous
cells
high doses,
death
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