Hematology

• Is the transporting fluid of the body

  Blood
• What is blood composed of?

  55% Plasma

  45% Formed elements
• Plasma is composed of?

  90% Water

  10% Electrolytes, Metabolic nutrients and waste products, Hormones
• What are the proteins found in plasma?

  • albumin
  • immunoglobulin
  • fibrinogen
• Formed elements is composed of?

  98-99% Erythrocytes

  1-2% Leukocytes, Granulocytes, Agranulocytes, Platelets
• Kinds of granulocytes

  Neutrophils

  Basophils

  Eosinophils
• Kinds of Agranulocytes

  Monocytes

  Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)
• What is the the pH of the blood?

  7.4
• Blood is:

  Mixture of fluid and cells.

  About five times thicker than water.

  Salty to the taste.
• Contains hemoglobin that transports Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

  RBC / erythrocytes
• What is the function of WBC?

  Protection against infection
• Aids in blood clotting

  Platelets
• The average adult weighing 70 kg has a blood volume of about

  5 liters (5.3 quarts)
• RBC or erythrocytes normal quantity ranges from (for males and females)

  4.5-6.2 million/mm3 for males and 4.2-5.4 million/mm3 for females
• WBC or Leukocytes normal quantity ranges from

  5000-10000/mm3
• Platelets or thrombocytes normal quantity ranges from

  150000-450000/mm3
• Reference value of hemoglobin

  for male adults is 14-18 g/dL and 12-16 g/dL for females
• Plasma characteristics

  Clear, pale yellow fluid
• Plasma:

  Gases: 3

  Minerals: 4

  Nutrients: 2

  Proteins: 3

  Waste products: 3

  Other substances: 3

  Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen

  Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium

  Carbohydrates (glucose), Lipids (triglycerides, cholesterol)

  Albumin, Immunoglobulin, Fibrinogen

  Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid

  hormones, drugs, vitamins
• Most numerous cells in blood

  RBC
• RBC resemble the shape of a _. This appearance is also referred to as _.

  Doughnut without a hole, Biconcave (7-8 microns)
• RBC life span

  120 days
• Ability to transfer O and C2O occurs as a result of a very important molecule called

  hemoglobin
• Hemoglobin is made up of a protein molecule(a) and an iron molecule(b) called

  (a) globin (b) heme
• Color of blood when large amounts of O is attached to the hemoglobin in the RBC (a)

  Color of blood when large amounts of CO2 is attached to the hemoglobin in the RBC(b)

  (a) Bright red

  (b) Dark bluish red
• hemoglobin reference value for male and female

  14-18 g/dL for male 12-16 g/dL for female
• primarily responsible for destroying foreign substances such as pathogens (disease-producing microorganisms) and removing cellular debris.

  WBC
• T or F: WBC are not always confined to the vascular spaces to perform their duty

  True
• WBC can pass through the thin walls of capillaries to enter the tissues

  Diapedesis
• process where WBC engulf foreign substances or cellular debris

  Phagocytosis
• 2 substances released by the basophils that assists with inflammatory response

  histamine, heparin
• Smallest in size of all cellular components

  Platelets
• Platelets life span

  9-12 days
• Bleeding is diminished or halted as a result of platelets sticking to the site of injury

  Platelet plug
• causes the blood vessels to spasm or narrow and decrease blood loss until clot forms

  serotonin
• process where bleeding stops

  hemostasis
• 4 Major parts of hemostasis

  Vasoconstriction

  Platelet plug formation

  Coagulation

  Fibrinolysis
• is the study of the formed (cellular) elements of the blood. In this section, the cellular elements, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets (Plts) are enumerated and classified in all body fluids and in the bone marrow.

  Hematology
• Where are these cells formed

  bone marrow
• Blood is analyzed in the form of

  whole blood

  plasma

  serum