taxonomy

• Taxonomy


  Deals with the identification & naming (nomenclature) of organisms; began with ancient Greeks & Romans
• Nomenclature


  The orderly application of binomial names to a particular taxon (taxonomic group)
• Identification


  Recognition of certain distinguishing characters of the plant specimens; results in the comparison of the specimen with similar specimens
• Classification


  Arrangement of plants into groups having common characteristics; results in the placing of plants into a hierarchy of ranks or categories
• Aristotle


  • A Greek philosopher, classified organisms with erythrocytes (RBC) & those without; plants & animals according to their physical characteristics, such as size & features
  • Called the "Father of Biology"
• Carl Von Linne


  • Born in May 1707 in Southern Sweden
  • Received medical degree in 1735 from University of Harderwijk in Netherlands
  • Called the "Father of Modern Taxonomy"
  • Published several books & papers including Systema Naturae, Fundamenta Botanica & Genera Plantarum
  • Classified plants based on number, arrangement & length of stamens
  • Introduced the used of binomial system of nomenclature for all species
  • Converted his name to a two-part Latin version, Carolus Linnaeus
  • Published 2-volume set of Species Plantarum in 1753 which included 7,300 kinds of plants
  • Credited with naming approximately 12,000 plants & animals
  • Died January 1778 after suffering several strokes
• Three (3) Kingdom (Domain) System


  Proposed by German scientist, Ernst Haeckel (1866) adding kingdom Protista (simple algae & fungi, slime mold & bacteria) for unicellular organisms
• Three Kingdoms (Domains)


  • Archaea (bacteria-like organisms)
  • Bacteria (true bacteria)
  • Eukarya (protists, fungi, plants & animals)
• Archaea


  Any group of single-celled prokaryotic organisms that have distinct molecular characteristics separating them from bacteria as well as eukaryotes
• Bacteria


  A member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease

  
• Eukarya


  Any of a domain (Eukarya) or a higher taxonomic group (Eukaryota) above the kingdom that includes organisms composed of one or more cells containing visibly evident nuclei & organelles
• Five Kingdom System


  • Monera (bacteria)
  • Protista (algae)
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
• Five Kingdom System


  • Proposed by American biologist, Robert H. Whittaker (1957)
  • Revised the earlier arrangements
  • Unnatural & not based on phylogeny (evolutionary development & diversification of a species or group of organisms)
  • Criteria used in classification are types of cells (prokaryote & eukaryote), mode of nutrition (autotrophs & heterotrophs) motility & life cycles
  • Most commonly used, especially for academic purposes
• Criteria for the five-kingdom classification


  • Type of Cells
  • Complexity
  • Mode of Nutrition
  • Motility
  • Life cycle
  • Nerve fibers
• Haplontic


  Having a life cycle in which the main form is haploid, with a diploid zygote being formed only briefly
• Diplontic


  Having a life cycle in which the main form, except for the gametes is diploid
• Taxonomic Categories


  • The group of organisms in a particular category is called a taxon
  • Each of the category could be subdivided into three additional categories as in superorder, order, suborder & infra-order
• The Seven Obligatory Hierarchical Categories


  • Domain
  • Kingdom (Division in Plants)
  • Phylum (Division in Plants)
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genera
  • Species
• The different levels of classification are analogous to a postal address
• Name: Eric Ver


  • Kingdom: Philippines
  • Phylum: Cavite
  • Class: Imus
  • Order: Bahayang Pag-asa Phase 3A/ Brgy. Mariano Espeleta-1
  • Family: 23 Bautista
  • Genus: Ver
  • Species: eric
  • Scientific Name: Ver eric
• Scientific Name


  • A binomial nomenclature given to a particular species
  • Composed of the generic name (genus) and species epithet
  • Should be treated in Latin or should be Latinized
  • Should be underlined separately or italicized
  • Latin is used to avoid jealousy among scientific community
  • Should follow the rules & recommendations set by the International Code of Botanical & Zoological Nomenclature (ICBN or ICZN)
  • The universal standard name for any organism
• Why Latin?
• Example of organisms and their scientific name


  • Domestic Cat- Felis domesticus
  • Dog- Canis familiaris
  • Domestic Chicken- Gallus gallus domesticus
  • Domesticated Pig- Sus scrofa
  • Domesticated Cow- Bos Taurus
  • Carabao- Bubalus bubalis
  • Goat- Capra hircus
  • Milkfish- Chanos chanos
  • Whale- Balaenoptera musculus
  • Shark- Squalus acanthias
  • Prawn- Penaeus monodon
  • Frog- Rana magna
  • Toad- Bufo marinus
  • Horse- Equus caballus
  • Zebra- Equus quagga
  • Owl- Bubo virginiatus
  • Turkey- Meleagris gallopavo
  • Cockroach- Periplanet americanus
  • Housefly- Musca domestica
  • Fruitfly- Drosophila melanogaster
  • Pork Tapeworm- Taenia solium
  • Beef Tapeworm- Taenia saginata
  • Earthworm- Lumbricus terrestris
  • Garden Snail- Helix aspersa
  • Medicinal Leech- Hirudo medicinalis
  • Tomato- Solanum lycopersicum
  • Talong- Solanum melongena
  • Potato- Solanum tuberosum
  • Coconut- Coco nucifera
  • Onion- Allium cepa
  • Garlic- Allium sativum
  • Bitter Gourd (bittermelon/ampalaya)- Momordica charantia
  • Sponge Gourd (patola)- Luffa aegyptica
  • Bottle Gourd (upo)- Lagenaria siceraria
  • String Beans- Vigna unguiculata
  • Raddish- Raphanus sativus
  • Squash- Cucurbita maxima
  • Lady Finger- Abelmoschus esculentus
  • Calamansi- Citrofortunella microcarpa
  • Mango- Mangifera indica
  • Rice- Oryza sativa
  • Corn- Zea mays (maize)
  • Ginger- Zingiber officinale
  • Carrot- Daucus carota
  • Guava- Psidium guajava
  • Rose- Rosa sinensis
  • Sunflower- Heliantus anuus
  • Swamp cabbage- Ipomeae aquatica (kangkong)
  • Sweet potato- Ipomeae batatas
  • Sensitive Mimosa- Mimosa pudica
  • Merry Black Widow Spider- Latrodectus mactans
  • Seahorse- Hippocampus