Infection and response

• Wht Are pathogens


  Microorganisms that cause disease
• microorganisms that cause disease


  fungi

  virus

  bacteria

  protists
• wht term is used to describe an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another 


  vector
• how is salmonella caused

  undercooked food or poor hygiene
• symptoms of gonorrhoea


  yellow/green discharge from genitals
• bacteria diseases


  salmonella ands gonorrhoea
• measles

  Symptoms: fever,rash

  cause:droplet

  preventation: isolate and vaccination
• hiv

  symptoms: flu with hiv no immune system with aids

  cause: unprotected sex

  prevention: condoms
• Tobacco mosaic virus

  Mosaic pattern on leaves

  symptoms: unable to photosynthesise

  cause: insect vectors, contact

  prevention: good field hygiene, pest control
• virus diseases

  tobacco mosaic virus

  hiv

  measles
• fungi disease

  Black rose spot
• black rose spot


  symptoms: black spots on leaves

  cause: movement of fungal spores by wind and water

  prevention: removal of affected leaves, fungicide spray
• protists diseases


  Malaria
• malaria

  symptoms: fever when pathogen bursts out of liver and red blood cells
• Aspirin

  Painkiller

  from willow bark
• digitalis

  from foxglove

  prevents heart conditions
• what are antibiotics 


  drugs that cure infections by killing or preventing growth of bacteria
• antiseptics


  chemicals that kill bacteria on surface of skin
• How are antibodies made

  By white blood cells called lymphocytes
• How are monoclonal antibodies made

  A mouse is injected with antigens

  the mouses immune system will start to make antibodies to fit the antigen

  the spleen drived lymphocytes will be fused with a myeloma cell which makes a hybridoma.

  The hybridoma cell reproduces to make antibodies
• Uses of monoclonal antibodies

  * diagnose

  * measure/monitor

  * treat disease
• how to know if a plant is lacking magnesium

  leaves will appear yellow

  it will have chlorosis
• how to know if a plant is lacaking nitrogen

  stunted growth
• Physical plant diffences


  Cell walls

  tough waxy cuticle on leaves

  bark on trees which fall and take pathogens with them
• chemical plant defences

  antibacterial chemicals made by plants such as mint and witch hazel

  poisons to deter herbivores made by plants such as tobacco, foxglove
• Pharmacy drugs

  Synthetic drugs
• physical immune system barrier

  skin
• chemical barriers

  Stomach
• phagocytosis

  when white blood cell binds to pathogen and engulfs it
• antitoxins

  remove toxins from pathogens
• Wht Can glucose be used for

  Stored as glycogen

  converted into cellulose

  combined with nitrate ions for form amino acids
• wht reaction is respiration 


  exothermic
• formula for glucose 


  C6H12O2
• formula for aerobic respiration

  glucose + oxygen = co2 + h20 + 38 atp
• Wht. Is anaerobic respiration is yeast cells called


  Fermentation