practice questions wrong

• test for sugars

  • benedict's solution
  • heat
  • if sugar present turns from blue to brick red
• protein test

  • add biruets solution
  • if protein present will turn from blue to lilac
• where is bile made and stored

  made : liver

  stored : gall bladder
• how does bile help digestion

  • emulsifies fats (turns into dropplets) to increase surcase area for lipase to work which speeds up digestion
  • neutralises stomach ph so that protease enzyme can work (optimum 2-3)
• why are enzymes referred to as a 'biological catalyst'

  they speed up the rate of useful reactions in the body
• what type of pathogen is malaria caused by

  protist
• how is malaria spread

  by mosquitos (vectors)
• what can we do about malaria

  • use mosquito nets / repellants
  • antimalarial drugs
  • prevent vectors from breeding
• what type of pathogen is Rose Black Spot caused by

  fungus
• symptoms of rose black spot

  • clack spots on leaves
  • leaves turn yellow and fall early
• how is rose black spot spread

  spores carried by water or wind
• what is an antigen

  An antigen is a substance that can stimulate an immune response. It is usually a protein found on the surface of cells, bacteria, viruses, and fungi
• what is an antibody

  Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system (white blood cell) in response to foreign substances (to recognise specific antigen) , such as viruses or bacteria.
• where was the digitalis heart drug discovered?

  fox glove
• where was the painkiller aspirin discovered

  willow
• where was the antibiotic penecillin discovered

  penicillin mound (Alexander Flemming)
• why is it difficult to discover new medicines

  you need to find a chemical that kills bacteria without damaging human cells
• what happens in preclinical testing

  testing in labs on animals and human cells to test for toxicity
• what happens in clinical trials

  • test on healthy volunteers at a low dose to test for side effects
  • test on sick volunteers to test if it is effective and to calculate a dose
• communicable disease examples


  measles, salmonella, flu
• non-communicable diseases example


  heart disease, diabetes, cancer
• hygienic ways to prevent spread of pathogens

  • wash hands after toilet/being ill
  • disinfect surfaces regularly
  • sneeze/ cough into tissue
  • keep agricultural machinery clean
  • raw meat kept away from fresh food
• ways for preventing spread of pathogens

  • isolate those who are ill
  • vaccination
  • destroy vectors
• what type of pathogen is Salmonella caused by

  bacteria
• how is salmonella spread

  eating undercooked food
• what type of pathogen is Tobacco Mosaic Virus caused by

  virus
• How is tobacco mosaic virus spread

  • by vectors
  • direct contact between diseased plants and healthy plants
• how does skin prevent microorganisms getting into your body

  • acts as a barrier
  • platelets quickly forms scabs to seal any cuts
  • produces antimicrobial secretions to kill pathogens
  • covered in microorganisms that act as an extra barrier
• what type of pathogen is gonorrhoea caused by

  bacteria
• what type of pathogen is HIV caused by

  virus
• 2 different types of white blood cells and their function

  • phagocytes - engulf pathogens (phagocytosis)
  • lymphocytes - produce antitoxins, antibodies
• medical conditions that could be treated by embryonic stem cells

  • diabetes
  • spinal injuries/paralysis
• advantage of using therapeutic cloning

  stem cells would have the same DNA as the patient so wouldn't be rejected by the body
• 3 substances that are transported by diffusion to and from animal cells

  • carbon dioxide
  • oxygen
  • amino acids
• how is active transport used in animals

  absorb nutrients when they are in a low concentration from the small intestine
• what kind of reaction is photosynthesis

  endothermic
• what can the glucose from photosynthesis be used for

  • respiration
  • converted into insoluble starch for storage
  • to produce fat or oil for storage
  • to produce cellulose which strengthens cell wall
  • to produce amino acids for protein synthesis
• what kind of reaction is respiration

  exothermic
• cells that have many mitochondria

  • muscle cells
  • sperm cells
• reasons why organisms need energy

  • for chemical reactions that build bigger molecules (anabolic reactions)
  • for movement
  • for keeping warm